AB Electrolux Challenges Times in the Appliance Industry Case Study

Abdominal muscle Electrolux Challenges Times in the Appliance Industry - Case Study Example Thirdly, they have executed a rebuilding project of creation for as far back as six years to migrate 60% of its assembling to nations of minimal effort including Mexico and china (Hill and Jones, 2012). Their objective was to diminish it generally speaking utilization of vitality by 15% of its 2008 levels by 2012 to accomplish productive utilization of vitality in its assembling. The organization has likewise propelled a green item extend in the entirety of its business areas to increase its attention to its vitality effective and items that are impressive to the earth. The other technique was a transition to re-appropriate its creation from created nations in an offer to concoct great items. Be that as it may, the organization should be aware of the expense of work in such nations which is quick rising (Hill and Jones, 2012). The organization has additionally grasped trend setting innovation to satisfy the changing need and tastes of apparatuses by shoppers, For example the improvement of vacuums that transmit lower clamors. Every one of these techniques have been persuasive fro the organization in its business setting and is gradually picking up its upper hand in the

Definition Of Pain And Pain Terminology Psychology Essay

Meaning Of Pain And Pain Terminology Psychology Essay Agony is: An upsetting tangible and enthusiastic experience related with real or potential tissue harm, or depicted regarding such harm 1-3, as proposed by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). Agony is abstract. Every individual learns the utilization of the word through encounters identified with injury in early life. Poisonous upgrades are obligated to harm tissue. Torment is an encounter we partner with real or potential tissue harm. It is constantly an unsavory and in this way passionate experience. In a few cases torment is accounted for without tissue harm or any probable pathophysiological cause. As a rule it is extremely unlikely to recognize the experience of agony discernment from that because of tissue harm. On the off chance that the agony experience is accounted for as torment similarly as brought about by tissue harm, it ought to be acknowledged as torment. Torment is the thing that the patient says it is, existing at whatever point the encounteri ng individual says it does 4. This definition abstains from relating torment to the upgrade. Movement instigated in the nociceptor and nociceptive pathways by a toxic boost isn't torment, which is constantly a mental state, despite the fact that we may well value that torment regularly has a proximate physical reason. Agony Terminology Allodynia Agony because of an upgrade which doesn't regularly incite torment is named allodynia. It includes an adjustment in the nature of a sensation, regardless of whether material, warm or of any kind. The first methodology is regularly non-difficult, however the reaction is agonizing. There is lost particularity of tangible methodology 2,5. Absense of pain Absense of pain is the term utilized for the nonattendance of torment because of incitement which ordinarily would be agonizing. Absense of pain suggests a characterized upgrade and a characterized reaction 2,5. Sedation Dolorosa Sedation dolorosa is torment in a territory or area which is sedative 2,5. Causalgia Causalgia is a disorder of supported consuming torment, allodynia, and hyperpathia after nerve sore, regularly joined with vasomotor and sudomotor brokenness and later trophic changes 2. Focal Pain Agony started or brought about by an essential sore or brokenness in the focal sensory system is named focal torment 2,5. Dysesthesia Dysesthesia is a horrendous unusual sensation, regardless of whether unconstrained or evoked. Contrasted and torment and with paresthesia, uncommon instances of dyseshesia incorporate hyperalgesia and allodynia. A dysesthesia ought to consistently be terrible and a paresthesia ought not be horrendous, despite the fact that it is perceived that the fringe may introduce a few troubles with regards to choosing concerning whether a sensation is lovely or unsavory. It ought to consistently be indicated whether the sensations are unconstrained or evoked 2,5. Hyperalgesia Hyperalgesia is an expanded reaction to an upgrade which is regularly agonizing 5. It ponders expanded torment suprathreshold incitement. It is an expanded reaction at an ordinary limit or at an expanded edge, in patients with neuropathy. Hyperalgesia is a result of annoyance of the nociceptive framework with fringe or focal sharpening, or both 2. Hyperesthesia Hyperesthesia is an expanded affectability to incitement, barring the uncommon faculties 5. The upgrade and locus ought to be determined. It might allude to different methods of cutaneous reasonableness including contact and warm sensation without torment, just as to torment. The term is utilized to demonstrate both decreased limit to any upgrade and an expanded reaction to boosts that are regularly perceived. Hyperesthesia incorporates both, allodynia and hyperalgesia, however the more explicit terms ought to be utilized any place they are relevant 2. Hyperpathia Hyperpathia is an excruciating disorder portrayed by an unusually agonizing response to a boost, particularly a monotonous improvement, just as an expanded edge 5. It might happen with allodynia, hyperesthesia, hyperalgesia, or dysethesia. Defective recognizable proof and confinement of the upgrade, delay, transmitting sensation and after-sensation might be available, and the torment is frequently touchy in character. The progressions are the determination of allodynia and the consideration of hyperalgesia expressly. Already hyperalgesia was inferred, since hyperesthesia was referenced in the past note and hyperalgesia is a unique instance of hyperesthesia 2. Hypoalgesia Decreased agony in light of an ordinarily excruciating improvement is named hypoalgesia 5. It is characterized as reduced affectability to harmful incitement, making it a specific instance of hypoesthesia. In any case, it currently alludes just to the event of moderately less agony in light of incitement that produces torment. Hypesthesia covers the instance of decreased affectability to incitement that is typically agonizing 2. The ramifications of a portion of the above definitions might be summed up as in table 1. Table 1: Types of torment summed up. Hypoesthesia Hypoesthesia is a diminished affectability to incitement, barring the uncommon faculties. If there should arise an occurrence of hypoesthesia the incitement and locus must be indicated 2. Neuralgia Neuralgia is torment in the conveyance of a nerve or nerves 5. Normal use, particularly in Europe, regularly suggests a paroxysmal quality, however neuralgia ought not be saved for paroxysmal torments 2. Neuritis Irritation of a nerve or nerves is named neuritis 5. This term must not be utilized except if aggravation is demonstrated to be available 2. Neurogenic Pain The term neurogenic agony is utilized for torment started or brought about by an essential injury, brokenness, or temporary irritation in the fringe or focal sensory system 2,5. Neuropathic Pain Torment started or brought about by an essential injury or brokenness in the sensory system is named neuropathic torment. See likewise neurogenic torment and focal torment. Fringe neuropathic torment happens when the sore or brokenness influences the fringe sensory system. Focal torment might be held as the term when the injury or brokenness influences the focal sensory system 2. Neuropathy Neuropathy is an aggravation of capacity or neurotic change in a nerve. At the point when it happens in one nerve it is named: mononeuropathy. At the point when a few nerves are included the term: mononeuropathy multiplex is to be utilized. The term: polyneuropathy is to be utilized if there should arise an occurrence of diffuse and reciprocal fringe nerve issue 2,5. Neural Plasticity Neural versatility implies the nociceptive information prompting auxiliary and utilitarian changes that may cause modified perceptual handling and add to torment chronicity 5. Nociceptor A nociceptor is a receptor specially touchy to a poisonous improvement or to a boost which would become toxic whenever drawn out 5. The terms like torment receptor, torment pathways, and so on must be stayed away from 2. Nociception Nociception is the actuation of tactile transduction in nerves by warm, mechanical, or clinical vitality impinging on particular nerve endings. The nerve(s) included passes on data about tissue harm to the focal sensory system 5. Harmful Stimulus A harmful upgrade is one which is harming to ordinary tissues. In spite of the fact that the meaning of a poisonous boost has been held, the term isn't utilized in this rundown to characterize different terms 2. A harmful boost is additionally characterized as an improvement equipped for initiation receptors for tissue harm 5. Agony Threshold Minimal experience of agony which a subject can perceive is named the torment limit 5. Customarily the edge has frequently been characterized, as the least upgrade force at which a subject sees torment. Appropriately characterized, the edge is actually the experience of the patient, while the force estimated is an outside occasion. It has been normal use for most agony investigate laborers to characterize the edge regarding the improvement, and that ought to be evaded. In any case, the edge upgrade can be perceived all things considered and estimated. In psychophysics, edges are characterized as the level at which half of improvements are perceived as difficult. The improvement isn't torment and can't be a proportion of agony 2. Torment Tolerance Level The best degree of agony which a subject is set up to endure is named the torment resistance level 5. Similarly as with torment edge, the torment resistance level is the emotional experience of the person. The boosts which are ordinarily estimated corresponding to its creation are the torment resistance level improvements and not simply the level. Hence, a similar contention applies to torment resilience level as to torment edge, and it isn't characterized regarding the outer incitement as such 2. Paresthesia Paresthesia is an unusual sensation, regardless of whether unconstrained or evoked 5. It is utilized to depict a strange impression that isn't disagreeable while dyseshesia be utilized specially for an unusual vibe that is viewed as unsavory. The utilization of one term (paresthesia) to show unconstrained sensations and the other to allude to evoked sensations isn't supported. There is a sense wherein, since paresthesia alludes to anomalous sensations as a rule, it may incorporate dysesthesia, yet the converse isn't accurate. Dysesthesia does exclude every irregular sensation, yet just those which are unsavory 2. Fringe Neurogenic Pain Agony started or brought about by an essential sore or brokenness or fleeting annoyance in the fringe sensory system is named fringe neurogenic torment 2,5. Fringe Neuropathic Pain Fringe neuropathic torment is the term utilized for torment started or brought about by an essential injury or brokenness in the fringe sensory system 2. Psychogenic Pain Psychogenic torment is the revealing of agony inferable fundamentally to mental factors ordinarily without any target physical pathology that could represent torment. This term is ordinarily utilized from a derogatory perspective and isn't generally a viable strategy for depicting a patient 5. Alluded Pain Torment limited not to the site of its motivation yet to a zone that might be nearby or a ways off from such a site is named alluded torment. For ex

The Health Benefits of Laughter

The Health Benefits of Laughter Happiness Print The Health Benefits of Laughter By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 20, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 07, 2020 Thomas Barwick/Iconica/Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All Research has shown that the health benefits of laughter are far-ranging. Studies so far have shown that laughter can help relieve pain, bring greater happiness, and even increase immunity. Positive psychology names the propensity for laughter and sense of humor as one of the 24 main signature strengths one can possess. Unfortunately, however, many people dont get enough laughter in their lives. In fact, one study suggests that healthy children may laugh as much as 400 times per day, but adults tend to laugh only 15 times per day. Other studies find us laughing a little more than that, but if you ask me, virtually all of us could use a little more laughter in our lives, considering how beneficial a good laugh can actually be for our stress levels and overall wellness.   Stress Management Benefits of Laughter Hormones: Laughter reduces the level of stress hormones like cortisol, epinephrine (adrenaline), dopamine, and growth hormone. It also increases the level of health-enhancing hormones, like endorphins. Laughter increases the number of antibody-producing cells we have working for us and enhances the effectiveness of T cells. All this means a stronger immune system, as well as fewer physical effects of stress.Physical release: Have you ever felt like you have to laugh or youll cry? Have you experienced that cleansed feeling after a good laugh? Laughter provides a physical and emotional release.Internal workout: A good belly laugh exercises the diaphragm, contracts the abs, and even works out the shoulders, leaving muscles more relaxed afterward. It even provides a good workout for the heart.Distraction: Laughter brings the focus away from anger, guilt, stress, and negative emotions in a more beneficial way than other mere distractions.Perspective: Studies show that our response to stressful events can be altered by whether we view something as a threat or a challenge. Humor can give us a more lighthearted perspective and help us view events as challenges, thereby making them less threatening and more positive.Social benefits: Laughter connects us with others. Just as with smiling and kindness, most people find that laughter is contagious. So, if you bring more laughter into your life, you can most likely help others around you to laugh more and realize these benefits as well. By elevating the mood of those around you, you can reduce their stress levels and perhaps improve the quality of social interaction you experience with them, reducing your stress level even more! Using Laughter as a Coping Mechanism How to Use Laughter Laughter is one of my all-time favorite stress management strategies because its free, convenient, and beneficial in so many ways. You can get more laughter in your life with the following strategies: Laugh with friends: Going to a movie or a comedy club with friends is a great way to get more laughter in your life. The contagious effects of laughter may mean youll laugh more than you otherwise would have during the show, plus youll have jokes to reference at later times. Having friends over for a party or game night is also a great setup for laughter and other good feelings. Making time for this kind of fun is as important as any other habit you keep in your life to support your health, and its very possibly more enjoyable than most health habits as well.Find humor in your life: Instead of complaining about lifes frustrations, try to laugh about them. If something is so frustrating or depressing its ridiculous, realize that you could look back on it and laugh. Think of how it will sound like a story you could tell your friends, and then see if you can laugh about it now. With this attitude, you may also find yourself being more lighthearted and silly, giving yourself and those around you more to laugh about. Approach life in a more mirthful way and youll find youre less stressed about negative events.Fake it until you make it: Just as studies show the positive effects of smiling occur whether the smile is fake or real, faked laughter also provides the benefits mentioned above. The body cant distinguish between fake laughter that you just start doing on purpose and real laughter that comes from true humor. The physical benefits are exactly the same, and the former usually leads to the latter anyway. So smile more, and fake laughter; youll still achieve positive effects, and the fake merriment may lead to real smiles and laughter.Media:  Theres no shortage of laughter opportunities from  entertainment, both at the theater as well as at home with streaming movies and T.V. comedies. While wasting your time watching something marginally funny may actually frustrate you, watching truly hilarious movies and shows is an easy way to get laughter into your life wh enever you need it. You may want to share your recommendations with friends and youll have something to reference and laugh about together. Having Fun Is the Best Stress Relief

Combating Obesity with Nutrition and Exercise - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 602 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Nutrition Essay Obesity Essay Did you like this example? Describe the health problem. Why is this a concern for this target group? Poor dietary intake and low physical activity are major causes of obesity for adults in the United States. Due to an increase in access via communication devices and technology, adults are more prone to work longer hours and spend less time on self-care (Bull F. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Combating Obesity with Nutrition and Exercise" essay for you Create order et al., 2017). Jobs often require many hours of sitting in front of a computer screen, in meetings, or traveling, which contributes to a lack of physical exertion. A quick bite to eat at a fast-food restaurant can easily replace healthier home-cooked meals attributing to poor nutritional choices. Chronic illnesses plague adults in our nation as obesity has risen to an epidemic level. Evidence shows an increase in stroke, heart disease, and metabolic diseases earlier than ever (George, M., Tong, X., Bowman, B. 2017). They are among the deadliest conditions in the world, with heart disease and stroke being the top two causes of death in 2016 (The top 10 causes of death, 2018). Adults must learn proper nutrition and find ways to exercise that keep them motivated. Actions such as these will lower overall body weight, reducing body mass index (BMI), and decreasing risks of metabolic syndrome, a condition with the potential to rob them of a high quality of life in the years to come (Nyberg ST. et al., 2018). What are the current actions/interventions taken for this health concern? Teaching patients is a major part of a nurse’s role. Nurses advocate for the health and well-being of every patient who is placed under their care. Clinical and research nurses already recognize the need for special events to help spread the message that proper nutrition and exercise are essential to decreasing the rate of obesity (Speroni, K, 2014). They have organized short marathons and set up tents at local fairs or community centers. The events are fun and informative, and the nurses interact with the general public to provide blood pressure screenings, group exercise lessons, information on stress reducing behaviors, and guidelines on how to plan healthier meals. Nurses also recommend weight loss approaches to individual patients such as lifestyle modifications, commercial diets, the need for physical activity, and, for those who may qualify, surgical options (Budd, G., Peterson, J., 2015). Nurses work with individuals as patients, but they also work in the communities where they live to help people understand the need for a healthier way of living. What are two nursing interventions that can be implemented for this health concern? One nursing intervention that can be done on a case-by-case basis, which may help to give patients who need to lose weight and learn to eat healthier a starting point, is for nurses to share knowledge of local fitness professionals and registered dietitians. The nurses can include this information while teaching patients the importance of making healthy lifestyle choices. Patients will feel empowered to start on a better path when they know they are not alone. Stressing the importance of behavior modifications conducive to the goal of achieving better health can be emphasized by giving patients the contact information of people who are willing to help them make the appropriate changes. Another way nurses can highlight the priority of wellness is by patterning a healthy lifestyle for themselves. Nurses serve as role models for the patients who trust them. It’s easier for patients to take advice from health professionals who adhere to high standards of self-care. Nurses who exercise, eat a well-balanced diet, who don’t smoke, and who strive to maintain a desirable weight will show by example the benefits of a healthy approach.

Delta Airlines A Major American Airline Company And One...

1. Delta Airlines is a major American airline company and one of the world’s largest global airlines. The company has operation hubs in the USA, Japan, and France. (Delta Airlines, 2016). 2. USA, Japan, and France are all members of the IMF, the World Bank, and WTO. 3. All three countries actively follow the guidelines of these major international institutions. According to Managing Director of the IMF (Kohler, 2002), â€Å"There has been a near-revolution in transparency at the IMF, and a steady improvement in the release of economic information by our member countries.† It is essential for countries to be transparent in their annual checkups from the IMF in order to keep all member countries up to date on economic data in countries they have financial dealings with. This information is what keeps countries from financial crisis. The United States is the largest shareholder of the World Bank and is the only country with veto power over changes in structure, therefore the US plays a major role in developing and supporting the World Bank’s mission (The World Bank, 2013). Since 1998, France has only been a respondent to 4 dispute cases (World Trade Organization), which shows that they actively try to follow the guidelines. 4. The United States, France, and Japan all have functioning judiciary systems. France and Japan both have a civil law system, while the US has a common law system (The World Factbook, 2016). All the countries have an Executive branch, Legislative branch,Show MoreRelatedDiagnosing The Change : Managing Organizational Change Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pages3: Diagnosing the Change Managing Organizational Change The Burke-Litwin Model highlights the main elements or source of major transformational change and also the changes that are incremental in nature. 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The recent increase in agricultural productivity Free Essays

In the recent times the agricultural productiveness has been increased two times while the country of the cultivated land is increased by merely 10 percent.But the job is how to manage the inauspicious effects of clime alteration on agribusiness productiity.Incrasing populations at high rate I is besides a serious concern, harmonizing to FAO the universe population will make 9 billion by 2050 which is presently 6. We will write a custom essay sample on The recent increase in agricultural productivity or any similar topic only for you Order Now 7 billion.It is estimated that the universe agricultural nutrient demand will be increased to 70 % , and at the same clip clime alteration is expectrd Ro cut down the agricultural productivity.The function of developing states is critical and they should must transform their tradional patterns to modern techniques.To guarantee the nutrient security in future FAO has proposed figure of valueable ways through which the agricultural production will increased with minimising the consequence of utmost clime conditions.The proposed methods are soi and alimentary direction in this methods smallholders can profit the most by the usage of manure and harvests residues to increase production.Management of H2O in harvests prodution is besides of import, today irrigation is practiced in merely 20 % of the agricultural land in the devloping states but are genearting 130 % more yields.Smallholders should follow the efficeint methods or H2O use.Cliamte alteration has increased the effects or plagues and diseases impacts on the harvests which in consequence has decreased the outputs leval.Resilence othe ecosystems is of import as ecosystem can assist in many ways in prolonging the cliamte and cut downing the degree of GHGs emissions.Harvesting and supply ironss of the harvests should be efficient and advanced so that the station crop losingss should be minimized.Processing and storage of agricutral merchandises besides helps in cut downing the losingss of excess food.Use of advanced engineerings improves the production degree but at the same clip, in some instances the job of ecological harm, resource development and plague and diseases are noticed.These all patterns are making good in different developing states under the guidline of FAO but still there are still so me information spreads which consequences in the faliure of practical application of these production systems and patterns. Rice is one of the most cardinal nutrient point used in most underdeveloped states and about 3 billion people eat rice daily.Due to the utmost waether conditions H2O logging and irregular rainfall enchantments has adversly effact the end product of rice crop.Differnt methods are proposed to command these effects.Croping forms are changed and embankments are built to construct t protect rice farms from inundations and drouth, tolerant and resistent varities of rice are being introduced.Different researches are being done on rice cultivation and urea deep arrangement UDP engineering has been developed.In bagladesh these this pattern has shown 60 % nest eggs in urea usage and output additions of about 1 ton per hacter.Differnt extenuation and version techniques are being used by different states e.g usage of natural fertilisers, variegation of harvests nad no cultivated land. Conservation agiculture is another pattern which is proposed by FAO it has three steps.Managemant and usage of fertilisers in such a manner that more is produced with less usage of fertilizers.Rotation of harvests and usage of legums workss for nitrogen arrested development and avoidence of tillage.It reduces the vulnerabilty of harvests by version to cliamte alteration and besides better the nutrient security in sustainable way.agroforestry is another pattern by which the issue of milliliter and nutrient security can be minimized.It is the usage of trees an vitamin D bush in agricutural harvest and in land managemnr systemTrees can better the dirt birthrate, particularly the N repairing legume trees.In Africa this system has increased corns end product from 1.3 to 1.6 tons.It is besides one of chief beginning of C sequestartion of the universe CO2 emissions.It is of import for two hundred extenuation. Urban and semi urban agricuture is besides impotant to adress the issue of nutrient security and turning demand.50 % of universe population is populating in metropoliss but they can non run into their demand of nutrient so they rely on rural agri products.In metropoliss agriclture production can be parcticed in diffent topographic points like schools, infirmaries roof tops and Windowss boxes etc and these are go oning in some countries.But there are different sorts of hurdlings like the deficit of H2O, land issue, envirnomental impacts of urban agri consequence the populace and make diseaes and wellness concerns.therefore mor advanced tecnolgies are required and metropoliss be aftering should back up the urban agri activities.The demand of more advanced production system is besides needed which can besides carry through the smallfamers enregy needs.Biofules shuold be produced from the residue of different harvests. How to cite The recent increase in agricultural productivity, Essay examples

Nortel Companys Issues in Canada

Abstract In the world of nowadays the causes of financial crises are carefully studied and analysed by thousands of experts all around the world, yet as well as countries, large business organisations tend to go into crises from time to time. This paper is focused on studying the case of a corporation called Nortel, which was a major Canadian telecommunication company.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Nortel Company’s Issues in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the end of 1990s and the beginning of 2000s it went through impressive success and turned into a business giant and every business maker’s role model. Yet, a couple years later Nortel’s value decreased massively and the company suffered a huge meltdown. The analysis of Nortel’s business processes revealed a series of frauds directed at the disguise of its poor performance. This phenomenon occurred because the co mpany’s managers who happened to be at risk due to the decreasing stock options of Nortel tried to protect their own welfare and hide the fact of failure from the shareholders. This paper is focused at the examination of the issues of Nortel from the perspective of ethics. First of all, the factors that contributed to the downfall of the company will be listed and described. Then, the paper will elaborate of what mechanisms are to be there to prevent risks of Nortel. After that, the meltdown of Nortel will be presented as the failure of people, but not of capital market processes and the repetitive nature of this big fail will be explored. Finally, a number of remedies helping to avoid Nortel’s mistakes will be prioritised. In the contemporary world there is a variety of large and rather rich corporations that widely are viewed as examples of ultimate success business strategy. Huge companies that manage to stimulate the growth of their capitals and revenue within seve ral years and expand their businesses becoming highly influential and recognised as brands are every business maker’s role models. Their tactics and paths towards success are carefully studied, followed and copied. At the same time, the majority of the large and influential brands regularly go through big downfalls and stop being as important or seize to exist whatsoever every fifteen years. Statistically, the list of most frequently used brands changes completely within a couple of decades; at least forty per cent of the companies that used to be at the Fortune 500 top in 2000s were not there anymore ten years later (SAP, 2013). This paper is focused on the case study of Nortel, the Canadian telecommunication giant of the end of 1990s and the beginning of 2000s, and its steep rise and fall. It will discuss the factors that contributed to the rise and fall of Nortel from the ethical perspective, mechanisms that align managers with the stakeholders, the nature of this failure and remedies for it.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From an ethical perspective, describe the factors that contributed to the rise and fall of Nortel Generally, there are four main factors that are viewed as the main contributing influences that may have caused the meltdown of Nortel. The first factor is the company’s board of directors and its composition and size. First of all, the number of board members in Nortel was significantly larger than recommended. The independent board elected by the stakeholders failed many of its important functions due to the complete lack of knowledge of the company’s operations and revenue acquisition. This occurred because the board of twelve directors at Nortel did not include anyone who could perform high-quality financial expertise. Besides, many board members were too busy with their executive work to properly fo cus on their duties. Ethically, the board was unsuitable for the company and elected based on the personal achievements that did not reflect the efficiency of these people as the curators of the company.  The second factor is executive compensation. The CEO of Nortel John Roth had an extremely generous compensation package, which was a lot larger than the ones of his executives. This created an unethical situation, as his leadership was perceived as authoritarian. Besides, the excessive revenues of the company owners always cause rumors about egoism, frauds, theft, or tax avoidance. Executive stock options were the factors that made the people push the company’s performance or its image to keep having stock option profit. The next factor that contributed to Nortel’s downfall was its ownership structure. The organisation’s stakeholder base included many transient investors that sought the opportunities to profit because of the stock changes. Ethically, the stak eholders were not dedicated to the company’s growth but to their own profit.  The final factor is the management of Nortel’s earnings. The company hired multiple analysts to monitor its business, analyse and explain it. Projecting and predicting of the company’s future profit caused the â€Å"benchmark beating game† where the managers were focused on exceeding the projected positive outcomes and disguise the company’s poor performance in order to preserve their own compensation, which was in direct dependence from stock options. Human factor plays key role in this situation, everyone tried to hide the negative sides so hard that it eventually led to the company’s meltdown, when all the disadvantages were revealed. What mechanisms should be put in place to better align managers with the interests of shareholders? Nortel’s managers are the subordinate group, whereas the stakeholders of the company are the representatives of the domina nt group in relation to stock options dependant revenues and compensations. Alignment of the incentives of these two parties is the key to ethical leadership and the only way to avoid complete lack of transparency of the working process and fraud.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Nortel Company’s Issues in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Managers of Nortel, as the employees whose commission directly depended on stock options were at risk of going bankrupt in case of company’s performance became poorer. Nortel’s downfall happened due to the wrong kind of employee empowerment. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs it is shown that physiological and safety needs are the two most important and basic categories of needs. In the contemporary world money and income represents the main way to address these needs. This way, the managers were tempted to manipulate the data and informat ion in order to protect their income and welfare. To secure the relationship between managers and stakeholders certain employee code or contract should have been employed. The regulations preventing managers from information manipulation would definitely align the relationship between subordinate and dominant groups and secure organisational trust (Collins, 2012). Besides, if the company preferred to be based only on dedicated investors that would remove the risk of imbalance between the managers and shareholders. Would you describe the meltdown of Nortel more as a failure of â€Å"people† or of â€Å"capital market processes†? I would describe what happened to Nortel as a failure of people. According to the definition of utilitarianism in normative ethics, it is based on the quality of action. The action, independently of its motives, is considered right in case if it results in the happiness of its agent and everyone affected by the action (West, n. d.). At the same time, if the action is done to please just the agent, it is considered selfish and unethical. From the perspective of utilitarianism, Nortel’s meltdown became the result of the selfish actions of its managers as well as its shareholders as both of these sides acted egoistically in order to preserve and secure their own profits. The inner relationships in the organisation were dry and only based on business and revenues. The company was definitely an outstanding business project, yet it did not survive for long because of the company’s little care about the people it was based on, and the people’s little care about the organisation. The clash of egoistic pursuit typical for human nature and sequence of selfish actions seem to be the main causes of the downfall of Nortel. Besides, the risky actions of the organisational leaders based on its prior success were rather emotional instead of being rational and wise. Lack of organisational trust and regulations restrict ing information manipulations among the managers along with organisational injustice in reference to John Roth’s huge compensation created the disruption of inner culture within this corporation. In my opinion, ethical leadership in Nortel was not present and this is not an issue of capital market process. I view Nortel’s case as a demonstration of what happens when marketing process is unregulated by policies and leaders, which eventually turns it into total chaos.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What happened to Nortel is similar to what happened to WorldCom and Enron in the early 2000s, and to Lehman Brothers, Citigroup, and many other banks during the 2008 financial crisis. Why do business people keep making the same mistake? There is a belief that corporations such as WorldCom, Enron and Nortel did not collapse due to a mistake in accounting, and that the actual reason for their downfall was the failure to cover up its financial weakness (Cato Handbook for Congress, 2003). Risky actions and bold steps are parts of strategic planning for the companies that profit from the stock options. This has always been this way. The loss of some major companies in the beginning of the 2000s as well as during the financial crisis of 2008 affected a variety of state economical and financial aspects in the United States of America and Canada. As a result, the leading organisations were suggested to take voluntary measures to prevent risk of undergoing the same tragic circumstances. The human factor contributing into the wrong risk assessment had to be reduced, as it was identified to be the main cause of the meltdowns of large corporations. 5. Discuss how to prioritise the following remedies to stop such recurrences: business education, regulation of accounting/financial markets, regulation of incentives, or regulation of punishment. Also, tell me your thought process about your decision about priorities. Thinking of the listed above remedies I tried to focus on the principle of virtue ethics, which requires one’s choices to be based on virtuous motives and targeted at moral outcomes (Virtue Ethics, 2013). In my opinion, proper business education is one of the main keys to securing the performance of a company. After all, the best success of Nortel occurred in the years when the corporation hired dozens of analysts to watch over its business. Besides, the lack of properly educated and experienced board members led to the board’s total unawareness of the processes happening within Nortel. The companies need to have clear mission and vision statements so that the employees and the shareholder are motivated by the same purposes. This would help to establish incentives regulation in the organisation. Regulation of punishment is also a crucial measure, but, to my mind, it has to be limiting only up to the point of excellent fulfillment of motivation for the employees and executives. For example, the regulations are to provide organisational justice and maintain its moral culture, serve as team building factors and correct work-life balance of the employees (Collins, 2012). Since it became clear that accounting errors are not the key factors that contributed to the failure of large companies such as WorldCom, Enron and Nortel, I put them last in the list of priority issues that need to be addressed to fix the performance of corporations and avoid risks of bankruptcy. In conclusion, the case of Nortel is not a rare scenario. Unfortuna tely, many companies followed the same path after taking too much risk while being financially weak. Since risk is a necessary aspect of any successful business complete avoidance of risk is not possible. As a result, some other measures need to be taken in order for the companies of the future not to follow the failed businesses of the past. Reference List CATO Handbook for Congress. (2003). Policy Recomendations for the 108th  Congress. Washington, DC: CATO Institute. Collins, D. (2012). Business Ethics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. SAP. (2013). 99 Facts on the Future of Business. Web. Virtue Ethics. (2013). EthicsMorals. Web. West, H. R. (n. d.). Utilitarianism. Web. This research paper on Nortel Company’s Issues in Canada was written and submitted by user Kason Holland to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.