The Health Benefits of Laughter

The Health Benefits of Laughter Happiness Print The Health Benefits of Laughter By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 20, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 07, 2020 Thomas Barwick/Iconica/Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All Research has shown that the health benefits of laughter are far-ranging. Studies so far have shown that laughter can help relieve pain, bring greater happiness, and even increase immunity. Positive psychology names the propensity for laughter and sense of humor as one of the 24 main signature strengths one can possess. Unfortunately, however, many people dont get enough laughter in their lives. In fact, one study suggests that healthy children may laugh as much as 400 times per day, but adults tend to laugh only 15 times per day. Other studies find us laughing a little more than that, but if you ask me, virtually all of us could use a little more laughter in our lives, considering how beneficial a good laugh can actually be for our stress levels and overall wellness.   Stress Management Benefits of Laughter Hormones: Laughter reduces the level of stress hormones like cortisol, epinephrine (adrenaline), dopamine, and growth hormone. It also increases the level of health-enhancing hormones, like endorphins. Laughter increases the number of antibody-producing cells we have working for us and enhances the effectiveness of T cells. All this means a stronger immune system, as well as fewer physical effects of stress.Physical release: Have you ever felt like you have to laugh or youll cry? Have you experienced that cleansed feeling after a good laugh? Laughter provides a physical and emotional release.Internal workout: A good belly laugh exercises the diaphragm, contracts the abs, and even works out the shoulders, leaving muscles more relaxed afterward. It even provides a good workout for the heart.Distraction: Laughter brings the focus away from anger, guilt, stress, and negative emotions in a more beneficial way than other mere distractions.Perspective: Studies show that our response to stressful events can be altered by whether we view something as a threat or a challenge. Humor can give us a more lighthearted perspective and help us view events as challenges, thereby making them less threatening and more positive.Social benefits: Laughter connects us with others. Just as with smiling and kindness, most people find that laughter is contagious. So, if you bring more laughter into your life, you can most likely help others around you to laugh more and realize these benefits as well. By elevating the mood of those around you, you can reduce their stress levels and perhaps improve the quality of social interaction you experience with them, reducing your stress level even more! Using Laughter as a Coping Mechanism How to Use Laughter Laughter is one of my all-time favorite stress management strategies because its free, convenient, and beneficial in so many ways. You can get more laughter in your life with the following strategies: Laugh with friends: Going to a movie or a comedy club with friends is a great way to get more laughter in your life. The contagious effects of laughter may mean youll laugh more than you otherwise would have during the show, plus youll have jokes to reference at later times. Having friends over for a party or game night is also a great setup for laughter and other good feelings. Making time for this kind of fun is as important as any other habit you keep in your life to support your health, and its very possibly more enjoyable than most health habits as well.Find humor in your life: Instead of complaining about lifes frustrations, try to laugh about them. If something is so frustrating or depressing its ridiculous, realize that you could look back on it and laugh. Think of how it will sound like a story you could tell your friends, and then see if you can laugh about it now. With this attitude, you may also find yourself being more lighthearted and silly, giving yourself and those around you more to laugh about. Approach life in a more mirthful way and youll find youre less stressed about negative events.Fake it until you make it: Just as studies show the positive effects of smiling occur whether the smile is fake or real, faked laughter also provides the benefits mentioned above. The body cant distinguish between fake laughter that you just start doing on purpose and real laughter that comes from true humor. The physical benefits are exactly the same, and the former usually leads to the latter anyway. So smile more, and fake laughter; youll still achieve positive effects, and the fake merriment may lead to real smiles and laughter.Media:  Theres no shortage of laughter opportunities from  entertainment, both at the theater as well as at home with streaming movies and T.V. comedies. While wasting your time watching something marginally funny may actually frustrate you, watching truly hilarious movies and shows is an easy way to get laughter into your life wh enever you need it. You may want to share your recommendations with friends and youll have something to reference and laugh about together. Having Fun Is the Best Stress Relief

Combating Obesity with Nutrition and Exercise - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 602 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Nutrition Essay Obesity Essay Did you like this example? Describe the health problem. Why is this a concern for this target group? Poor dietary intake and low physical activity are major causes of obesity for adults in the United States. Due to an increase in access via communication devices and technology, adults are more prone to work longer hours and spend less time on self-care (Bull F. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Combating Obesity with Nutrition and Exercise" essay for you Create order et al., 2017). Jobs often require many hours of sitting in front of a computer screen, in meetings, or traveling, which contributes to a lack of physical exertion. A quick bite to eat at a fast-food restaurant can easily replace healthier home-cooked meals attributing to poor nutritional choices. Chronic illnesses plague adults in our nation as obesity has risen to an epidemic level. Evidence shows an increase in stroke, heart disease, and metabolic diseases earlier than ever (George, M., Tong, X., Bowman, B. 2017). They are among the deadliest conditions in the world, with heart disease and stroke being the top two causes of death in 2016 (The top 10 causes of death, 2018). Adults must learn proper nutrition and find ways to exercise that keep them motivated. Actions such as these will lower overall body weight, reducing body mass index (BMI), and decreasing risks of metabolic syndrome, a condition with the potential to rob them of a high quality of life in the years to come (Nyberg ST. et al., 2018). What are the current actions/interventions taken for this health concern? Teaching patients is a major part of a nurse’s role. Nurses advocate for the health and well-being of every patient who is placed under their care. Clinical and research nurses already recognize the need for special events to help spread the message that proper nutrition and exercise are essential to decreasing the rate of obesity (Speroni, K, 2014). They have organized short marathons and set up tents at local fairs or community centers. The events are fun and informative, and the nurses interact with the general public to provide blood pressure screenings, group exercise lessons, information on stress reducing behaviors, and guidelines on how to plan healthier meals. Nurses also recommend weight loss approaches to individual patients such as lifestyle modifications, commercial diets, the need for physical activity, and, for those who may qualify, surgical options (Budd, G., Peterson, J., 2015). Nurses work with individuals as patients, but they also work in the communities where they live to help people understand the need for a healthier way of living. What are two nursing interventions that can be implemented for this health concern? One nursing intervention that can be done on a case-by-case basis, which may help to give patients who need to lose weight and learn to eat healthier a starting point, is for nurses to share knowledge of local fitness professionals and registered dietitians. The nurses can include this information while teaching patients the importance of making healthy lifestyle choices. Patients will feel empowered to start on a better path when they know they are not alone. Stressing the importance of behavior modifications conducive to the goal of achieving better health can be emphasized by giving patients the contact information of people who are willing to help them make the appropriate changes. Another way nurses can highlight the priority of wellness is by patterning a healthy lifestyle for themselves. Nurses serve as role models for the patients who trust them. It’s easier for patients to take advice from health professionals who adhere to high standards of self-care. Nurses who exercise, eat a well-balanced diet, who don’t smoke, and who strive to maintain a desirable weight will show by example the benefits of a healthy approach.

Delta Airlines A Major American Airline Company And One...

1. Delta Airlines is a major American airline company and one of the world’s largest global airlines. The company has operation hubs in the USA, Japan, and France. (Delta Airlines, 2016). 2. USA, Japan, and France are all members of the IMF, the World Bank, and WTO. 3. All three countries actively follow the guidelines of these major international institutions. According to Managing Director of the IMF (Kohler, 2002), â€Å"There has been a near-revolution in transparency at the IMF, and a steady improvement in the release of economic information by our member countries.† It is essential for countries to be transparent in their annual checkups from the IMF in order to keep all member countries up to date on economic data in countries they have financial dealings with. This information is what keeps countries from financial crisis. The United States is the largest shareholder of the World Bank and is the only country with veto power over changes in structure, therefore the US plays a major role in developing and supporting the World Bank’s mission (The World Bank, 2013). Since 1998, France has only been a respondent to 4 dispute cases (World Trade Organization), which shows that they actively try to follow the guidelines. 4. The United States, France, and Japan all have functioning judiciary systems. France and Japan both have a civil law system, while the US has a common law system (The World Factbook, 2016). All the countries have an Executive branch, Legislative branch,Show MoreRelatedDiagnosing The Change : Managing Organizational Change Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pages3: Diagnosing the Change Managing Organizational Change The Burke-Litwin Model highlights the main elements or source of major transformational change and also the changes that are incremental in nature. 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It was notRead MoreUs Airline Industry Analysis1507 Words   |  7 Pages------------------------------------------------- Name: Steve Thaxton Assignment: #3 Industry Analysis Term: Summer 2013 Course: Strategic Marketing Global Airline Size The 2013 global passenger airline industry is estimated to be a $539 billion industry with an additional $68 billion generated by these same firms through cargo transport9. The key measure of units for the industry is expressed as revenue passenger kilometer or RPK. This is defined as the actual kilometersRead MoreThe Business Philosophy And Labor1321 Words   |  6 Pages This paper is about American airline, it explores the business philosophy, Effects of the Economy, business philosophy and labor. The report that follows delivers complete accounting for AA’s estimated impact on regional economies of the U.S. and its territories, including detail on straight expenditure, employment, total economic impact and contribution towards GDP. This report measures AA’s impact on the economy in two forms: the economic activity that motivates the production of the company’s

The recent increase in agricultural productivity Free Essays

In the recent times the agricultural productiveness has been increased two times while the country of the cultivated land is increased by merely 10 percent.But the job is how to manage the inauspicious effects of clime alteration on agribusiness productiity.Incrasing populations at high rate I is besides a serious concern, harmonizing to FAO the universe population will make 9 billion by 2050 which is presently 6. We will write a custom essay sample on The recent increase in agricultural productivity or any similar topic only for you Order Now 7 billion.It is estimated that the universe agricultural nutrient demand will be increased to 70 % , and at the same clip clime alteration is expectrd Ro cut down the agricultural productivity.The function of developing states is critical and they should must transform their tradional patterns to modern techniques.To guarantee the nutrient security in future FAO has proposed figure of valueable ways through which the agricultural production will increased with minimising the consequence of utmost clime conditions.The proposed methods are soi and alimentary direction in this methods smallholders can profit the most by the usage of manure and harvests residues to increase production.Management of H2O in harvests prodution is besides of import, today irrigation is practiced in merely 20 % of the agricultural land in the devloping states but are genearting 130 % more yields.Smallholders should follow the efficeint methods or H2O use.Cliamte alteration has increased the effects or plagues and diseases impacts on the harvests which in consequence has decreased the outputs leval.Resilence othe ecosystems is of import as ecosystem can assist in many ways in prolonging the cliamte and cut downing the degree of GHGs emissions.Harvesting and supply ironss of the harvests should be efficient and advanced so that the station crop losingss should be minimized.Processing and storage of agricutral merchandises besides helps in cut downing the losingss of excess food.Use of advanced engineerings improves the production degree but at the same clip, in some instances the job of ecological harm, resource development and plague and diseases are noticed.These all patterns are making good in different developing states under the guidline of FAO but still there are still so me information spreads which consequences in the faliure of practical application of these production systems and patterns. Rice is one of the most cardinal nutrient point used in most underdeveloped states and about 3 billion people eat rice daily.Due to the utmost waether conditions H2O logging and irregular rainfall enchantments has adversly effact the end product of rice crop.Differnt methods are proposed to command these effects.Croping forms are changed and embankments are built to construct t protect rice farms from inundations and drouth, tolerant and resistent varities of rice are being introduced.Different researches are being done on rice cultivation and urea deep arrangement UDP engineering has been developed.In bagladesh these this pattern has shown 60 % nest eggs in urea usage and output additions of about 1 ton per hacter.Differnt extenuation and version techniques are being used by different states e.g usage of natural fertilisers, variegation of harvests nad no cultivated land. Conservation agiculture is another pattern which is proposed by FAO it has three steps.Managemant and usage of fertilisers in such a manner that more is produced with less usage of fertilizers.Rotation of harvests and usage of legums workss for nitrogen arrested development and avoidence of tillage.It reduces the vulnerabilty of harvests by version to cliamte alteration and besides better the nutrient security in sustainable way.agroforestry is another pattern by which the issue of milliliter and nutrient security can be minimized.It is the usage of trees an vitamin D bush in agricutural harvest and in land managemnr systemTrees can better the dirt birthrate, particularly the N repairing legume trees.In Africa this system has increased corns end product from 1.3 to 1.6 tons.It is besides one of chief beginning of C sequestartion of the universe CO2 emissions.It is of import for two hundred extenuation. Urban and semi urban agricuture is besides impotant to adress the issue of nutrient security and turning demand.50 % of universe population is populating in metropoliss but they can non run into their demand of nutrient so they rely on rural agri products.In metropoliss agriclture production can be parcticed in diffent topographic points like schools, infirmaries roof tops and Windowss boxes etc and these are go oning in some countries.But there are different sorts of hurdlings like the deficit of H2O, land issue, envirnomental impacts of urban agri consequence the populace and make diseaes and wellness concerns.therefore mor advanced tecnolgies are required and metropoliss be aftering should back up the urban agri activities.The demand of more advanced production system is besides needed which can besides carry through the smallfamers enregy needs.Biofules shuold be produced from the residue of different harvests. 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Nortel Companys Issues in Canada

Abstract In the world of nowadays the causes of financial crises are carefully studied and analysed by thousands of experts all around the world, yet as well as countries, large business organisations tend to go into crises from time to time. This paper is focused on studying the case of a corporation called Nortel, which was a major Canadian telecommunication company.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Nortel Company’s Issues in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the end of 1990s and the beginning of 2000s it went through impressive success and turned into a business giant and every business maker’s role model. Yet, a couple years later Nortel’s value decreased massively and the company suffered a huge meltdown. The analysis of Nortel’s business processes revealed a series of frauds directed at the disguise of its poor performance. This phenomenon occurred because the co mpany’s managers who happened to be at risk due to the decreasing stock options of Nortel tried to protect their own welfare and hide the fact of failure from the shareholders. This paper is focused at the examination of the issues of Nortel from the perspective of ethics. First of all, the factors that contributed to the downfall of the company will be listed and described. Then, the paper will elaborate of what mechanisms are to be there to prevent risks of Nortel. After that, the meltdown of Nortel will be presented as the failure of people, but not of capital market processes and the repetitive nature of this big fail will be explored. Finally, a number of remedies helping to avoid Nortel’s mistakes will be prioritised. In the contemporary world there is a variety of large and rather rich corporations that widely are viewed as examples of ultimate success business strategy. Huge companies that manage to stimulate the growth of their capitals and revenue within seve ral years and expand their businesses becoming highly influential and recognised as brands are every business maker’s role models. Their tactics and paths towards success are carefully studied, followed and copied. At the same time, the majority of the large and influential brands regularly go through big downfalls and stop being as important or seize to exist whatsoever every fifteen years. Statistically, the list of most frequently used brands changes completely within a couple of decades; at least forty per cent of the companies that used to be at the Fortune 500 top in 2000s were not there anymore ten years later (SAP, 2013). This paper is focused on the case study of Nortel, the Canadian telecommunication giant of the end of 1990s and the beginning of 2000s, and its steep rise and fall. It will discuss the factors that contributed to the rise and fall of Nortel from the ethical perspective, mechanisms that align managers with the stakeholders, the nature of this failure and remedies for it.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From an ethical perspective, describe the factors that contributed to the rise and fall of Nortel Generally, there are four main factors that are viewed as the main contributing influences that may have caused the meltdown of Nortel. The first factor is the company’s board of directors and its composition and size. First of all, the number of board members in Nortel was significantly larger than recommended. The independent board elected by the stakeholders failed many of its important functions due to the complete lack of knowledge of the company’s operations and revenue acquisition. This occurred because the board of twelve directors at Nortel did not include anyone who could perform high-quality financial expertise. Besides, many board members were too busy with their executive work to properly fo cus on their duties. Ethically, the board was unsuitable for the company and elected based on the personal achievements that did not reflect the efficiency of these people as the curators of the company.  The second factor is executive compensation. The CEO of Nortel John Roth had an extremely generous compensation package, which was a lot larger than the ones of his executives. This created an unethical situation, as his leadership was perceived as authoritarian. Besides, the excessive revenues of the company owners always cause rumors about egoism, frauds, theft, or tax avoidance. Executive stock options were the factors that made the people push the company’s performance or its image to keep having stock option profit. The next factor that contributed to Nortel’s downfall was its ownership structure. The organisation’s stakeholder base included many transient investors that sought the opportunities to profit because of the stock changes. Ethically, the stak eholders were not dedicated to the company’s growth but to their own profit.  The final factor is the management of Nortel’s earnings. The company hired multiple analysts to monitor its business, analyse and explain it. Projecting and predicting of the company’s future profit caused the â€Å"benchmark beating game† where the managers were focused on exceeding the projected positive outcomes and disguise the company’s poor performance in order to preserve their own compensation, which was in direct dependence from stock options. Human factor plays key role in this situation, everyone tried to hide the negative sides so hard that it eventually led to the company’s meltdown, when all the disadvantages were revealed. What mechanisms should be put in place to better align managers with the interests of shareholders? Nortel’s managers are the subordinate group, whereas the stakeholders of the company are the representatives of the domina nt group in relation to stock options dependant revenues and compensations. Alignment of the incentives of these two parties is the key to ethical leadership and the only way to avoid complete lack of transparency of the working process and fraud.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Nortel Company’s Issues in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Managers of Nortel, as the employees whose commission directly depended on stock options were at risk of going bankrupt in case of company’s performance became poorer. Nortel’s downfall happened due to the wrong kind of employee empowerment. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs it is shown that physiological and safety needs are the two most important and basic categories of needs. In the contemporary world money and income represents the main way to address these needs. This way, the managers were tempted to manipulate the data and informat ion in order to protect their income and welfare. To secure the relationship between managers and stakeholders certain employee code or contract should have been employed. The regulations preventing managers from information manipulation would definitely align the relationship between subordinate and dominant groups and secure organisational trust (Collins, 2012). Besides, if the company preferred to be based only on dedicated investors that would remove the risk of imbalance between the managers and shareholders. Would you describe the meltdown of Nortel more as a failure of â€Å"people† or of â€Å"capital market processes†? I would describe what happened to Nortel as a failure of people. According to the definition of utilitarianism in normative ethics, it is based on the quality of action. The action, independently of its motives, is considered right in case if it results in the happiness of its agent and everyone affected by the action (West, n. d.). At the same time, if the action is done to please just the agent, it is considered selfish and unethical. From the perspective of utilitarianism, Nortel’s meltdown became the result of the selfish actions of its managers as well as its shareholders as both of these sides acted egoistically in order to preserve and secure their own profits. The inner relationships in the organisation were dry and only based on business and revenues. The company was definitely an outstanding business project, yet it did not survive for long because of the company’s little care about the people it was based on, and the people’s little care about the organisation. The clash of egoistic pursuit typical for human nature and sequence of selfish actions seem to be the main causes of the downfall of Nortel. Besides, the risky actions of the organisational leaders based on its prior success were rather emotional instead of being rational and wise. Lack of organisational trust and regulations restrict ing information manipulations among the managers along with organisational injustice in reference to John Roth’s huge compensation created the disruption of inner culture within this corporation. In my opinion, ethical leadership in Nortel was not present and this is not an issue of capital market process. I view Nortel’s case as a demonstration of what happens when marketing process is unregulated by policies and leaders, which eventually turns it into total chaos.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What happened to Nortel is similar to what happened to WorldCom and Enron in the early 2000s, and to Lehman Brothers, Citigroup, and many other banks during the 2008 financial crisis. Why do business people keep making the same mistake? There is a belief that corporations such as WorldCom, Enron and Nortel did not collapse due to a mistake in accounting, and that the actual reason for their downfall was the failure to cover up its financial weakness (Cato Handbook for Congress, 2003). Risky actions and bold steps are parts of strategic planning for the companies that profit from the stock options. This has always been this way. The loss of some major companies in the beginning of the 2000s as well as during the financial crisis of 2008 affected a variety of state economical and financial aspects in the United States of America and Canada. As a result, the leading organisations were suggested to take voluntary measures to prevent risk of undergoing the same tragic circumstances. The human factor contributing into the wrong risk assessment had to be reduced, as it was identified to be the main cause of the meltdowns of large corporations. 5. Discuss how to prioritise the following remedies to stop such recurrences: business education, regulation of accounting/financial markets, regulation of incentives, or regulation of punishment. Also, tell me your thought process about your decision about priorities. Thinking of the listed above remedies I tried to focus on the principle of virtue ethics, which requires one’s choices to be based on virtuous motives and targeted at moral outcomes (Virtue Ethics, 2013). In my opinion, proper business education is one of the main keys to securing the performance of a company. After all, the best success of Nortel occurred in the years when the corporation hired dozens of analysts to watch over its business. Besides, the lack of properly educated and experienced board members led to the board’s total unawareness of the processes happening within Nortel. The companies need to have clear mission and vision statements so that the employees and the shareholder are motivated by the same purposes. This would help to establish incentives regulation in the organisation. Regulation of punishment is also a crucial measure, but, to my mind, it has to be limiting only up to the point of excellent fulfillment of motivation for the employees and executives. For example, the regulations are to provide organisational justice and maintain its moral culture, serve as team building factors and correct work-life balance of the employees (Collins, 2012). Since it became clear that accounting errors are not the key factors that contributed to the failure of large companies such as WorldCom, Enron and Nortel, I put them last in the list of priority issues that need to be addressed to fix the performance of corporations and avoid risks of bankruptcy. In conclusion, the case of Nortel is not a rare scenario. Unfortuna tely, many companies followed the same path after taking too much risk while being financially weak. Since risk is a necessary aspect of any successful business complete avoidance of risk is not possible. As a result, some other measures need to be taken in order for the companies of the future not to follow the failed businesses of the past. Reference List CATO Handbook for Congress. (2003). Policy Recomendations for the 108th  Congress. Washington, DC: CATO Institute. Collins, D. (2012). Business Ethics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. SAP. (2013). 99 Facts on the Future of Business. Web. Virtue Ethics. (2013). EthicsMorals. Web. West, H. R. (n. d.). Utilitarianism. Web. This research paper on Nortel Company’s Issues in Canada was written and submitted by user Kason Holland to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

ESL Dialogue About Having a Hard Time Finding a Job

ESL Dialogue About Having a Hard Time Finding a Job Original Conversation Mark: Hi Peter! How are you doing these days?Peter: Oh, Hi Mark. Im not doing very well, actually. Mark: Im sorry to hear that. What seems to be the problem?Peter: ... you know Ive been looking for work. I cant seem to find a job. Mark: Thats too bad. Why did you leave your last job?Peter: Well, my boss treated me badly, and I didnt like my chances of advancing in the company. Mark: That makes sense. A job without opportunities AND a difficult boss isnt very attractive.Peter: Exactly! So, anyway, I decided to quit and find a new job. I sent out my resume to more than twenty companies. Unfortunately, Ive only had two interviews so far. Mark: Have you tried looking online for a job?Peter: Yes, but so many of the jobs require moving to another city. I dont want to do that. Mark: I can understand that. How about going to some of those networking groups?Peter: I havent tried those. What are they? Mark: Theyre groups of people who are also looking for work. They help each other discover new opportunities.Peter: That sounds great. Ill definitely try some of those. Mark: Im glad to hear that. So, what are you doing here?Peter: Oh, Im shopping for a new suit. I want to make the best impression possible at my job interviews! Mark: There you go. Thats the spirit. Im sure things will look up for you soon.Peter: Yes, youre probably right. I hope so! Reported Conversation Mark: I saw Peter today.Susan: Hows he doing? Mark: Not too well, Im afraid.Susan: Whys that? Mark: He told me had been looking for work, but hadnt found a job.Susan: That surprises me. Was he fired or did he quit his last job? Mark: He told me his boss had treated him badly. He also said he didnt like his chances of advancing in the company.Susan: Quitting doesnt sound like a very wise decision to me. Mark: Thats true. But hes been working hard at finding a new job.Susan: Whats he done? Mark: He said he had sent out his resumes to more than twenty companies. Unfortunately, he told me that only two had called him for an interview.Susan: Thats tough. Mark: Tell me about it. However, I gave him some advice and I hope it helps.Susan: What did you suggest? Mark: I suggested joining a networking group.Susan: Thats a great idea. Mark: Yes, well, he told me he would try a few groups.Susan: Where did you see him? Mark: I saw him at the mall. He told me he was shopping for a new suit.Susan: What?! Buying new clothes and no work! Mark: No, no. He said he wanted to make the best impression possible at his job interviews.Susan: Oh, that makes sense. More Dialogue Practice - Includes level and target structures/language functions for each dialogue.

Layers of the Atmosphere

Layers of the Atmosphere Earth is surrounded by its atmosphere, which is the body of air or gases that protects the planet and enables life. Most of our atmosphere is located close to Earths surface, where it is most dense. It has five distinct layers. Lets look at each, from closest to farthest from the Earth. Troposphere The layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth is the troposphere. It begins at the surface of the Earth and extends out to about 4 to 12 miles (6 to 20 km). This layer is known as the lower atmosphere. Its where weather happens and contains the air humans breathe.  The air of our planet is 79 percent nitrogen and just under 21 percent oxygen; the small amount remaining is composed of carbon dioxide and other gases. The temperature of the troposphere decreases with height. Stratosphere Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, which extends to about 31 miles (50 km) above the Earths surface. This layer is where the ozone layer exists and scientists send weather balloons. Jets fly in the lower stratosphere to avoid turbulence in the troposphere. Temperature rises within the stratosphere but still remains well below freezing. Mesosphere From about 31 to 53 miles (50 to 85 km)  above the surface of the Earth lies the mesosphere, where the air is especially thin and molecules are great distances apart. Temperatures in the mesosphere reach a low of -130 degrees Fahrenheit (-90 C). This layer is difficult to study directly; weather balloons cant reach it, and weather satellites orbit above it. The stratosphere and the mesosphere are known as the middle atmospheres. Thermosphere The thermosphere rises several hundred miles above the  Earths surface, from 56 miles (90 km) up to between 311 and 621 miles (500–1,000 km). Temperature is very much  affected by the sun here; it can be 360 degrees Fahrenheit hotter (500 C) during the day than at night. Temperature increases with height and can rise to as high as 3,600 degrees Fahrenheit (2000 C). Nonetheless, the air would feel cold because the hot molecules are so far apart. This layer is known as the upper atmosphere, and it is where the auroras occur (northern and southern lights). Exosphere Extending from the top of the thermosphere to 6,200 miles (10,000 km) above Earth is the exosphere, where weather satellites are. This layer has very few atmospheric molecules, which can escape into space. Some scientists disagree that the exosphere is a part of the atmosphere and instead classify it actually as a part of outer space. There is no clear upper boundary, as in other layers. Pauses Between each layer of the atmosphere is a boundary. Above the troposphere is the tropopause, above the stratosphere is the stratopause, above the mesosphere is the mesopause, and above the thermosphere is the thermopause. At these pauses, maximum change between the spheres occur. Ionosphere The ionosphere isnt actually a layer of the atmosphere but regions in the layers where there are ionized particles (electrically charged ions and free electrons), especially located in the mesosphere and thermosphere. The altitude of the ionospheres layers changes during the day and from one season to another.