History and Methods of Chemical Warfare

History and Methods of Chemical Warfare Cori Haws In this report I intend to investigate from the perspective of a chemist the history and development of chemical weapons systems focusing primarily on their development, and the usage throughout the 20th century to present day and the means to which they act. As a starting point it is important to clarify what is meant by a chemical weapon or CW. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons defines a chemical weapon as a toxic chemical compound or its precursor which can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical reaction. Delivery devices designed for the delivery of chemical agents, filled or unfilled, are also considered as such. For the purpose of this report I will be focusing on the chemical agents themselves opposed to the systems used to deliver such agents. Chemical warfare generally involves the use of the known toxic properties of chemical substances in the intent cause damage to life. This is distinct from conventional warfare, most of which requires the ‘self-destructive’ properties of particular chemical reactions (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene with Oxygen), and different from Nuclear, Radiological and Biological weapons such as Hydrogen bombs, Atom bombs and weaponised Anthrax in the method of action. There are many classifications for Chemical Weapons and are defined by the way of which they in fact act on an organism. These sub-categories include; choking agents, impede a victims breathing; blister agents, irritate and poison tissue; blood agents, inhibit the ability to transfer and utilise oxygen; nerve agents, inhibits nervous system operation, and riot control agents, short term lasting low risk to life agents. It is important to mention that while some substances are inherently toxic not all are considered chemical weapons. For example raw materials, substances for medicine, herbicides and insecticides all are able to cause significant harm to life but under controlled and regulated conditions are not significantly dangerous to be classified as chemical weapons. Brief History of Chemical Weapons While chemicals have been used for warfare for a considerable amount of time, albeit in highly primitive and at the time for yet unexplained reasons. (I.e Poison arrows, molten tar and arsenic smoke), most of the use of chemical weapons in modern history is limited to World War I where Chlorine and phosgene gasses were released in large qualities during trench warfare. Notably the first use was 22nd April 1915 on the town of Ypres in Belgium, overseen by Fritz Haber, the chemist who developed the process for production of ammonia. This attack resulted in the death of 5,000. During the war several different types of chemical weapons were developed primarily by German scientists, probably the most well-known being mustard gas and derivatives. Throughout the course of the First World War it is estimated that over 90,000 were fatally wounded by chemical weapons for a total of over a million injuries by use of approximately 124,000 tons of chemical agent. The idea of the danger posed by c hemical weapons as demonstrated by the Great War was influential in the coming years as although most countries felt reluctant in developing them the fear of even deadlier weapons being used in future conflicts. Although Chemical weapons were not used during World War II, it is know that both axis and allied powers possessed chemical weapons for use in retaliation. During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union developed and maintained large stockpiles of chemical weapons in fear of use. Statistics show that at the time both superpowers possessed enough chemical agents to destroy most organic life on the planet. It is noted that during the Iraq conflicts that Saddam Hussein used a variety of agents namely Mustard Gas and nerve agents possibly including what is considered the most potent nerve agents ‘VX’, against the Kurds in 1988. This prompted the Geneva Convention to prohibit the production and prompt the destruction of Chemical Weapons Stockpiles. The most recent examples of Chemical Weapons use were the terrorist attacks in Matsumoto, Japan and in Tokyo involving the nerve agent known by its name of Sarin (GB). Sarin was also reportedly used in Syria on the residents of the Ghouta agricultural belt around Damascus on the 21st August 2013 resulting in an estimated 350-1500 deaths. Choking Agents As stated previously the most notable Choking agents which have been used in warfare originate from WWI. Chlorine as we know is a strong oxidant agent due to its high electronegativity. This fundamentally is the reason to which it is dangerous. Being highly reactive means it is likely to react with most other elements to form chloride compounds. The second reason being that in standard conditions it is a gas meaning that containing it is difficult. The preface of which Chlorine gas works as a chemical weapon is by the means of inhalation. The respiratory system itself is highly sensitive tissue surrounded by a mucus membrane. The mucus membrane is a high percentage water. When Chlorine has been inhaled especially in high concentrations it will react with the water of the mucus membrane to form Hydrochloric Acid, which causes serve irritations within the lungs, generally causing secretion of fluid into the lungs eventually resulting in what is called secondary drowning as a result of Pulmonary Edema. In extremely high concentrations even two or three breathes of chlorine gas can be fatal due to serve tissue damage. Though due to Chlorine gases reactivity it can easily be filtered from air using activated carbon which is a form of processed carbon which has pores to increase surface area to around 500m2 per gram. The chlorine will simply react with the carbon before doing any damage to human respiratory tissue. Phosgene, the second Choking agent developed also works by means of reacting with water to form Hydrochloric acid. The reaction was generally slower but unlike Chlorine gas, did not have a distinguishable odour and usually killed it’s victims within 24 hours of inhalation. Mustard/Blistering Agents Blistering agents were developed at around the same time as the previously stated choking agents. Mustard Gas was developed in 1916 for the Imperial German Army and could be synthesised in a variety of ways including reacting Sulphur Dichloride with Ethene (1), reacting Sulphur Monochloride with Ethene (2) or using Thiodiglycol and Chlorinating with Phosphorus Trichloride (3). The third reaction was generally used by the British when creating mustard. It was a cleaner way to produce it as the purity was approximately 96% whereas the second method was fast but was only 70-80% pure and as a result did not keep for long periods as it decomposed, increasing the pressure of the containers it was in meaning it generally leaked. SCl2+ 2 C2H4→ (Cl-CH2CH2)2S 8 S2Cl2+ 16 C2H4→ 8 (Cl-CH2CH2)2S + S8 3 (HO-CH2CH2)2S + 2 PCl3→ 3 (Cl-CH2CH2)2S + 2 P(OH)3 Mustard gas is a blistering agent as it bonds an Alkl group to guanine in DNA, damaging the DNA and preventing cellular division and results in cell death or development of cancer. Due to this method of acting upon a subject it was rare for a victim to suffer immediate symptoms as the damage would not be evident until the effected cells die and fail to regenerate. As Mustard gas is not very soluble in water but is highly soluble in fats resulting in rapid absorption through skin tissue. After 24 hours skin irritation would occur then large blisters would form anywhere the mustard agent came into contact with the skin resulting in chemical burns. At the time of WWI serve mustard burns where 50% of the body was burned were often fatal. A victims eyes would also become greatly effected becoming sore and swelling causing blindness. At high concentrations blistering of the respiratory system would result in internal bleeding leading to pulmonary edema much like choking agents. While many people during have been killed by the use of Mustard gas and its derivatives, it also had done the world a large amount of good as it was discovered from autopsies of mustard gas victims that there was reduced white blood cell count and after further research Nitrogen Mustard was eventually used as the first chemotherapy drug to treat diseases related to the white blood cells such as lymphoma and leukaemia. Cyanide and Blood Agents The most well-known blood agent is Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN). HCN is produced on an industrial scale as it is a vital precursor to many useful chemicals in pharmaceuticals as well as in polymers. Cyanide ions are responsible for the effects of poisoning due to the fact cyanide ions interact with the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome c oxidase by binding to it and reducing its effectiveness effectively halting cellular respiration. As a result the cells of an organism become unable to use the oxygen in the blood generally leading to hypoxia.

Adaptation Evaluation Essay

Tom Bombadil: Add sense of mysteriousness. Boromir’s confession: Proud, arrogant warrior The â€Å"Spirit† of LOTR: Was it kept? Improvements. A new power has arisen. All must unite or fall divided. This is the story of the Lord of the Rings. The ring of power, forged in secret by the dark Lord Sauron contained all of the might, malice and power of the Dark Lord. Its wearer would be invisible and almost invincible, but it would corrupt the heart of anyone who wore it. Lord of the Rings is a typical good vs. evil story. This time, however, good is losing badly. The Dark Lord’s forces will soon overcome all of Middle Earth, but there is one glint of hope for the forces of Good. Because the Dark Lord Sauron made the ring of power, his life is bound to it. If Good can prevent defeat for long enough so that the ring can be destroyed, Sauron shall be overcome. However, the ring of power can only be destroyed where it was made – deep in Sauron’s realm. This means that hope is in speed and secrecy, not force. A fellowship of the ring is formed and the quest is begun. The Lord of The Rings: The Fellowship of the ring is the first part of the trilogy, which shows how the fellowship evades the servants of the Dark Lord and how the fellowship eventually breaks. A mighty warrior, Boromir is a member of the fellowship. He is lured by the temptation of power and tries to steal the ring. He does not fully understand that the ring corrupts any wearer. He is then asked by other members of the fellowship as to whether he has done anything, but he refuses doing anything wrong due to his arrogance. In the film, the plot is changed so that Boromir does try to take the ring, but he confesses everything. This was a major change as Boromir is meant to be a proud and arrogant human – the author J. R. R. Tolkien always shows most humans as easily corrupted. A large omission was Tom Bombadil. He was a â€Å"father of the forest† type man who has powers of song and looks after the ring bearer. Tolkien added him to add a sense of mysteriousness to Lord of the Rings – nobody knew who he was or where he came from. This was missed out in the film. Characters like him really did help the spirit of Lord of the Rings. Form one point of view; the film did not keep the spirit of Lord of the Rings at all. Parts were missed out and some of the film seemed like a traditional Good vs. Bad film – the beauty of Tolkien was that he took well known types of book and added a slight change, but meant that the whole plot would be different. For example, in the Hobbit, Bilbo Baggins goes on a quest to retrieve dwarven treasure. However, he does not want to go and as a result ends up doing a better job of getting the treasure than if he had wanted the treasure. This is the reason why keeping the spirit of Lord of the Rings is so important, Lord of the Rings is unique. However, the film of Lord of the Rings has kept a large part of the spirit. It swings my emotions better than the book did and each character looked almost exactly as I imagined them to be. Because films need a great plot to be good, the director (Peter Jackson) has taken the good parts and made them great – he has really concentrated on the right parts. The film however was a bit too different from the book at times and too close at others. For example, there is an â€Å"I’m dead, oh no I’m not† scene part which was fine in the book, but should have been changed in the film. Another change that should have taken place was the fact that elves are shown as a dying any fading race in the Lord of the Rings film. In the book, elves couldn’t die and the elves simply were leaving the land, not dying out. This was probably shown to make humans seem better. In conclusion, the Lord of the Rings film made great use of an excellent plot and unusual story. I think that the film was very good, but there was a small amount of room for improvement.

A Research On Interprofessional Collaboration Is Defined...

INTRODUCTION / BACKGROUND Interprofessional collaboration is defined as students from multiple health professions learning together and from one another with the end result of improving professional collaboration and patient outcomes1.The goal of IPE is to engage students across disciplines to work together and learn about collaborative practice, health literacy and to cultivate cultural awareness. Interprofessional collaboration in the health setting is a critical ingredient to achieving the Triple Aim of increased patient outcomes, increased patient experience and decreased costs Academic institutions play an important role in socializing students into professional roles specific to their discipline including discipline-specific codes of accepted and required practice. Traditionally, professional roles may conflict with the philosophy required in team-based health care, each provider acting as an island. Interprofessional education aims to address this problem. Literature ,2 has shown that undergraduate education aimed at: (i) reducing prejudices between professions; (ii) increasing knowledge of professional roles and duties; and (iii) improving teamwork and collaboration skills, prepares neonate professionals to embrace interprofessional collaboration from their first professional interaction. The University of New England’s (UNE) Department of Nursing was awarded the Community, Health, Access, Navigate, Network, Education, Leadership, and Services (CHANNELS) grant byShow MoreRelatedUse Of Interprofessional Practice For Patients1623 Words   |  7 PagesThe Use of Interprofessional Practice in Nursing to Provide Innovative Care for Patients Introduction Patient care today is far more complex than it has ever been, and one single profession cannot account for every physical, mental, social, or spiritual issue that may arise within an individual (Hilton, Ghaznavi Zuberi, 2002). In many health care systems, multidisciplinary care is used which involves a number of different types of professionals working alongside each other with separate goalsRead MoreThe Impact Of Interprofessional Collaboration On Health Care1569 Words   |  7 PagesInterprofessional collaboration has become an accepted important component in healthcare. Engel and Prentice (2013) define interprofessonality as â€Å"the process by which professionals reflect on and develop ways of practicing that provides an integrated and cohesive answer to the needs of clients, family and populations† (p.429). This process involves continuous interaction and knowledge sharing between professionals, coming together in an organized system, to solve or explore a variety of patientRead MoreWhat Is Interprofessional Education And How Is It Essential For Patient Quality Outcomes? Essay2162 Words   |  9 PagesUniversity. In order to start the process of Interprofessional education we will create a written plan. What is Interprofessional Education and how is it essential for patient quality outcomes? 1. Interprofessional competency education is essential to patient quality outcomes because as stated in the Institute of medicine’s report patients have complex medical issues that can best be addressed by interprofessional teams. By training current and future health care workers to work in such teams we facilitateRead MoreDefining Roles and Responsibilities in the Interprofessional Team2131 Words   |  9 PagesResponsibilities in the Interprofessional Team Abstract According to Barnsteiner (2007), â€Å"The work of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and others has clearly demonstrated that when healthcare professionals understand each others’ roles and are able to communicate and work together effectively, patients are more likely to receive safe, quality care† (p. 144). There are many good practices to consider when evaluating the roles and responsibilities of an interprofessional team member. ThisRead MoreNursing Care Models Paper. There Are Varieties Of Care1008 Words   |  5 Pagesemphasized in the IOM reports on quality improvement by identifying the importance of all health professions meeting the interdisciplinary or inter-professional competency emphasizing the need to work in inter professional teams â€Å"to cooperate, collaborate, communicate, and integrate care in teams to ensure that care is continuous and reliable† (2003, p. 4). These teams include providers from different health care professions and occupation s designed to meet the required patient needs. With increasing complexRead MoreDischarge Planning6033 Words   |  25 Pagesdetails have been altered or obscured to make identiï ¬ cation impossible. Following the introduction of the knowledge and skills framework (DH 2004a) and emphasis on quality of health care and patient centred, interprofessional, health and social care (DH 2000; Leathard 2003; Thompson et al. 2002) health care professionals and students will need to be able to demonstrate the quality of our care and team working abilities. There is a connection between practice and thinking about practice – action and reï ¬â€šectionRead Moreâ€Å"Describe the Roles and Responsibilities of Four Members of the Multidisciplinary Team Who You Have Observed Planning and Implementing Care for One Child and Family3666 Words   |  15 Pagesacknowledges this by stating, â€Å"learning to work with many different types of professionals in a multidisciplinary team can be ex tremely difficult† (pg 5). However, before going further, it is first of all important to define, what is meant by inter-professional working (or multidisciplinary teams)? Barrett et al (2005) states that inter-professional working requires that individuals from different professions and agencies to work together. However within the context of health care, the service user isRead MoreA Needs Assessment Survey in a Gastroenterology Endoscopy Community of Practice12128 Words   |  49 Pagesï » ¿A NEEDS ASSESSMENT SURVEY FOR A GASTROENTEROLOGY ENDOSCOPY COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE A Clinical Capstone Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the School of Health Sciences La Salle University In Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Nursing Practice By Jordan Hopchik Doctor of Nursing Practice Program COPYRIGHT BY JORDAN HOPCHIK 2014 Title of Clinical Capstone Proposal: A NEEDS ASSESSMENT SURVEY FOR A GASTROENTEROLOGY ENDOSCOPY Read MoreNursing Essay41677 Words   |  167 PagesThe Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12956.html Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, at the Institute of Medicine PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS Copyright  © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12956.html THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 Read MoreLeadership for Health and Social Care and Children65584 Words   |  263 PagesQUALIFICATION HANDBOOK Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young People’s Services (England) (3978-51/52/53/54/55/56) December 2011 Version 2.1 (July 2011) Qualification at a glance Subject area City Guilds number Age group approved Entry requirements Assessment Fast track Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young People’s Services (England) 3978 19+ There are no entry requirements Portfolio of Evidence, Practical

A tribute to Patsy Cline - 700 Words

A tribute to Patsy Cline with Mandy Barnett and the Nashville Symphony On November fourteenth at eight oclock p.m. I attended a Patsy Cline tribute concert featuring Mandy Barnett and the Nashville Symphony with my grandparents. On that particular Friday night, it had been raining for most of the day. My grandparents came and picked me up at five oclock in hopes of going to a nice dinner before the show. Once we got on the road, it was clear that our itinerary was not going to work out as we had planned it to. There was wreck after wreck, leaving most of the interstates backed up and some closed until late that night. We had to turn around and drive through Mount Juliet to make it to the concert right on time. None of us had ever been†¦show more content†¦The partricular piece is very upbeat and outgoing. As the music continues the song continues to grow faster resulting in a vibrant folk dance. The Nashville symphony did a great job performing this piece and portraying the light-heartedness and fun that Enesco intended. The next work that the Nashville symphony performed was George Gershwins, Rhapsody in Blue. This rhapsody combines classical music with some jazz infuences. The score for this calls for one flute, one oboe, one clarinet in E-flat, one clarinet in B- flat, one bass clarinet in B-flat, one heckelphone, one sporanino saxaphone in E-flat, one soprano saxaphone in B-flat, one alto saxaphone in E-flat, one tenor saxaphone in B-flat, and one baratone saxaphone in E-flat for the woodwins. For the brass, it called for two horns, two trumpets, two flugelhorns,euphonium, three trombones, and one tuba. On percussion it called for, one set of drums, one timpani set, and a trap set. Keyboards called for, two painos, one celesta, and one accordian. Finally, on strings, a banjo, violins, and string basses were played. Rhapsody in Blue is considered one of the top one hundred most influencial songs. The song paints a picture of a busy, fast paced city, which many people can relate to in todays society. Still today Rhapsody in Blue is one of the top twenty five most played songs. George Gershwin created a timeless piece that will be performed around the world for many years to come. The

Ducati Texas Pacific Group †a ”Wild Ride” Leveraged Buyout

Ducati Texas Pacific Group – A †Wild Ride† Leveraged Buyout 1. What is the nature of the opportunity? Could the Ducati brand be expanded beyond motorcycles? Why or why not? TPG strategy is to invest in undervalued firms’ that usually have been poorly managed. The investments are made in privately hold firms that are either unlisted from the beginning or that is being delisted from the stock exchange under the LBO process. TPG wants to invest in firms with a â€Å"healthy† basis but that are experience some problems that TPG believes’ that they can fix. Does Ducati live up to this? TGP has the opportunity, if the deal goes through, to purchase a controlling stake in Ducati Meccanico, producer of the best motorcycles in the world. The article†¦show more content†¦The negotiations then lead to an agreement between the parties. According to the article the negotiations in the US are done more in a linear path but the negotiations with Cagiva can best be described as a circular path. TPG has been negotiated with Ducati for almost a year. This is probably were the cultural difference is most prominent. Americans chose to discuss every issue separately step by step and after every discussion they want to include this in the contract between the parties. Italians see the whole picture in every discussion so when the Americans have decided something new in the next step of the precoess the Italians want to go back to the previous steps and re discuss them. Furthermore, Italians don’t like do business if they can’t trust the other part in America you don’t have to feel the trust since you include every little detail in the arrangement otherwise you can get sued. Maybe that is why the Castiglioni brothers might not trust TPG if they are not willing to re discuss everything again. Maybe that is why they are trying to shop the deal to others even though they have signed a Letter of Intent with TPG. This would never happen in America. But they have not participated in any meetings and in America it would probably not be hard to sign a contract under an LBO situation. TPG believed that their behavior replicated an act of trying to back out of the deal. Context LBO’s in U.S. seems much more organized than in Italy but at theShow MoreRelatedDucati Texas Pacific Group – a †Wild Ride† Leveraged Buyout3136 Words   |  13 PagesDucati Texas Pacific Group – A †Wild Ride† Leveraged Buyout 1. What is the nature of the opportunity? Could the Ducati brand be expanded beyond motorcycles? Why or why not? TPG strategy is to invest in undervalued firms’ that usually have been poorly managed. The investments are made in privately hold firms that are either unlisted from the beginning or that is being delisted from the stock exchange under the LBO process. TPG wants to invest in firms with a â€Å"healthy† basis but that are experience Ducati Texas Pacific Group – a †Wild Ride† Leveraged Buyout Ducati Texas Pacific Group – A †Wild Ride† Leveraged Buyout 1. What is the nature of the opportunity? Could the Ducati brand be expanded beyond motorcycles? Why or why not? TPG strategy is to invest in undervalued firms’ that usually have been poorly managed. The investments are made in privately hold firms that are either unlisted from the beginning or that is being delisted from the stock exchange under the LBO process. TPG wants to invest in firms with a â€Å"healthy† basis but that are experience some problems that TPG believes’ that they can fix. Does Ducati live up to this? TGP has the opportunity, if the deal goes through, to purchase a controlling stake in Ducati Meccanico, producer of the best motorcycles in the world. The†¦show more content†¦As I already pointed out Ducati is in a great position to imitate, for street bikes, what cruisers are for Harley-Davidson. Harley-Davidson has succeeded in creating a life-style brand with as much as 15% of its sales, with a growth potential, coming from just clothing and mechanical accessories. Ducati could look at the products Harley-Davidson is selling and how their selling them. They could also compare with a car company, like Ferrari, that has a lot of clothing and accessories that they sell. Ducati has a great potential to extend beyond motorcycles with motorcycle clothing and accessories and mechanical accessories. There are probably a lot of motorcycle stores that would want to sell their products and they could also sell them through their own shops and from online shops. It is just the imagi nation, costs and the combination of a balanced brand expansion that sets the limits. 2. How does this deal differ from a typical deal in the US? In terms of deal flow generation, due diligence process, negotiations and context? Deal flow generation The deal flow is the ability used by equity firms to identify attractive potential investment candidates, i.e. the ability to generate deal flow. This flow is generated from a wide range sources’, from for instance the experience and network built up by working in specific businesses to the network of senior corporate executives and it is this flow that discover opportunities that otherwise would have

Abrahamic Religions Free Essays

Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are all very closely unified as Abrahamic religions because they share a multitude of common beliefs and thoughts. Hinduism, on the other hand is almost complete opposite of these religions. The extreme differences within these religions has seemed to cause problems between them throughout history. We will write a custom essay sample on Abrahamic Religions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hinduism is considered to be an Eastern religion while Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are considered Western. (Lafave,2004. Location, leaders, religious practices, and political issues are just a few aspects that bring them to differentiating opinions. The Abrahamic religions have many shared ideas and thoughts in relation to life and the driving force of the universe. Jews ,Christians, Muslims all agree upon the notion that there is only one creator of all of humanity. They are all monotheistic religions and they rely on holy scriptures as a life guided tool. The Christians use the Holy Bible, Islams refer to the Qu’ran, while Jews refer mostly to the Torah. All believe that the human body is only a temporary state and that if the soul is a deemed a good one by following God’s plan then it goes on to live eternally in heaven with Jesus or the equivalent. If the soul judged by God is unworthy, then it must live in hell with the devil. Jews, Muslims, and Christians alike all believe in a coming of the Messiah, though at different times. Another shared belief is that GOD is a merciful God and must be respected and given praise accordingly. He will forgive the sins of the people by repentance and one must live their life according to his teachings. These beliefs are just the tip of the iceberg when talking about similarities between the Abrahamic religions. Hinduism is an almost complete opposite of the Abrahamic religions. Hindus have no substantial founder of the religion nor do they only worship just one God, but different Gods and Goddesses and manifestations or aspects of the Supreme God. Hinduism is considered a polytheistic religion. The life guided scriptures used by them is the Vedas which are considered the oldest and most sacred religious texts. Hinduism beliefs consider karma to determine one’s life path for the future in the cycle of reincarnation. Karma is considered to be the universal law of cause and effect. They consider life to be a continuous cycle and the end goal for them is to be released from life by â€Å"learning the true illusions of life and achieve unity with the Brahman†. â€Å"Individuals may find release from life by devotion to one or more of the Indian Gods. (Hopfe Woodward,2009. p. 98)Hinduism has grown to become the world’s third largest religion. Places of worship include temples and home shrines. Brahman is the unifying principle and Supreme Reality behind all existance though is rarely worshipped. Brahma is the most widely known and is the recognized one as Creator of the world. The similarities that are shared by these religions are very few and many conflict s have actually risen from differences in views of the world. In modern civilation in these days and times, I believe in unity of all religions. If the whole world could all come to a common point of understanding, there would be less need for war and misunderstanding of humanity. Even though these religions are deemed so different, I believe there is a unifying force that helped create them all. References Hopfe, L. Woodward, M. , (2009). Religions of the World,11th ed. Lafave, S. , Retrieved January 2004 from http://instruct. westvalley. edu/lafave/east_west. html How to cite Abrahamic Religions, Papers

Workplace Diversity and Behavior

Questions: 1. Describe the demographics and the level and types of diversity of the workforce in the organization for which you currently work, or for an organization for which you have previously worked and with whom you are familiar?2. Describe the types of diversity management strategies that the organization employs. If the organization does not have a diversity management strategy, explain why this is so and suggest some ideas for designing and implementing such a strategy? Answers: Introduction Organization can be considered as the systems of the society. If one shows willingness for working in them or for managing them, it is important for understanding the operations being conducted. Organizational behavior is important for influencing the individuals, structure and groups seem to be having a behavior in the setting of business organization (Bob 2009). In order to understand the relevance of Organizational Behavior, this report will be describing the different types and level of diversity within the organization of Google. Further ahead, this report will be describing the types of strategies for the management of diversity that is being employed by the business organization of Google. 1. Types of Diversity It has been identified that within the field of HR, those organizations have been identified as being highly productive, the ones that are most diverse in nature. This diversity is present in the organization of Google (Bob 2009). There are three different types of diversity needed by the business organization. These three types of diversity includes style of behavior, style of thinking, and gender. Diversity of gender over the teams, with respect to productivity might end up having a great impact over positive productivity over any other element being done. Thinking styles are considered as the most important form in the diversity of Google as it helps in providing scientific tools for the measurement of a thinking style held by one and gaining the potentiality of knowing what can end up going wrong (Brownell 2003). There are a number of different styles of behavior. Hence, it can be stated that having both, extroverted and introverted individuals working on a team is a huge conside ration. Levels of Diversity There are four different stages or levels related to the diversity of workplace. The first stage is focusing on celebration. The organization of Google has continuously been recognizing the importance of diversity and is focused on celebrating even small achievements. The next level is focused on the workforce. The organization of Google involves a plan of diversity stating the milestones, objectives and actions of the company. This has assisted in the implementation of resource groups along with a well structured program for monitoring the performance being done. The third level is focused on the market place (Bruxelles 2003). The organization of Google has the accountability driven by metrics for its efforts on the management of diversity, often by the executive council of diversity. The final level is out- thinking the intensity of competition. The organization of Google leverages management of diversity for the creation, sponsoring and nurturing the innovation. These contribute i n providing leadership of thought and integrating the competency of culture in all that is being done by them from the recruitment of customer services. 2. Types of Diversity Management Strategies Managing diversity within the workplace has helped the organization of Google for the improvement of productivity and creating an environment that is synergic in nature. The combination of ideas, experiences, and culture can contribute in the enhancement of environment in the workplace and helped in driving creativity (Cascio 2008). Three key strategies are being followed by the organization of Google for the management of diversity. These are ignoring differences, minimizing differences and the management of differences. By the ignorance of differences, managers fail in recognizing the differences in culture or the influence imposed by these differences within the business organization. Therefore, there is not much influence over the diversity of culture on the management of an organization (Luthans 2005). The strategy focused on the ignorance of differences contribute in precluding effectively managing the diversity of culture and also seems to be precluding the chances to minimize the negative effects and to increase the positive effects of diversity within the business organization of Google. The adoption of the strategy for minimizing differences is commonly done by the organization of Google as it is ethnocentric in nature. Here there is recognition of diversity in the culture, but only in consideration with the sources of issues (Marlene 2008). Managers have a belief that their own way is the only best way for organizing and managing the diversity in the business organization of Google. The adoption for the management of differences is done by the organization of Google in a synergistic manner. These contribute in the recognition of impacts imposed by the different categories of cultural diversity. There are three different types of diversity needed by the business organization (Mary 2005). These three types of diversity includes style of behavior, style of thinking, and gender. Managers using this approach in a synergetic manner do not consider themselves as being superior in comparison with the others. Creatively combining their own way and their way may be considered as the best approach for the organization and management of diversity in the workplace. With the adoption of this particular strategy, potential issues and problems are minimized by the management of effects imposed on the workplace by the different levels of diversity (Paul 2006). There are four different stages or levels related to the diversity of workplace. The first stage is focusing on celebrat ion. The organization of Google has continuously been recognizing the importance of diversity and is focused on celebrating even small achievements. The next level is focused on the workforce. These strategies had been evolved with time and the strategy for the management of difference was the most significant one of all leading the organization of Google towards success in a significant manner (Price 2005). Hence, this can be considered as the best option for the management of diversity. Conclusion It has been identified that within the field of HR, those organizations have been identified as being highly productive, the ones that are most diverse in nature. This diversity is present in the organization of Google. Managing diversity within the workplace has helped the organization of Google for the improvement of productivity and creating an environment that is synergic in nature (Turan 2007). The combination of ideas, experiences, and culture can contribute in the enhancement of environment in the workplace and helped in driving creativity within the organization. These contribute in the recognition of impacts imposed by the different categories of cultural diversity. References Bob, M. 2009. Retaining Diversity. Executive Excellence, New Delhi: Sage, pp.7 Brownell, J. 2003. "Developing Receiver-Centered Communication in Diverse Organizations".Listening Professional, 2(1), pp. 5-25 Bruxelles, M. 2003. Capitalizing on Global Divesity. HR Magazine, pp. 30-33. Cascio, WF. 2008. Managing Human Resources Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits, Boston: McGraw Hill. Luthans, F. 2005. Organizational Behaviour. New York : McGraw-Hill Marlene, G. 2008. "Cultural Diversity in the Workplace: The State of the Field".Journal of Business Communication, 33(4), pp. 485-502. Mary, J. 2005. Services Marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill Paul, D. 2006. Organizational culture as related to industry, position, and performance: A preliminary report. Journal of Management Studies, pp. 333-345. Price, K. 2005. Diversity and the Bottom Line. Executive Excellence, New Delhi: Sage, pp. 7. Turan, MS. 2007. Managing Cultural Diversity in Future Organizations. The Journal of Indian Management and Strategy- 8M, 4(1), pp. 61.