Nortel Companys Issues in Canada

Abstract In the world of nowadays the causes of financial crises are carefully studied and analysed by thousands of experts all around the world, yet as well as countries, large business organisations tend to go into crises from time to time. This paper is focused on studying the case of a corporation called Nortel, which was a major Canadian telecommunication company.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Nortel Company’s Issues in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the end of 1990s and the beginning of 2000s it went through impressive success and turned into a business giant and every business maker’s role model. Yet, a couple years later Nortel’s value decreased massively and the company suffered a huge meltdown. The analysis of Nortel’s business processes revealed a series of frauds directed at the disguise of its poor performance. This phenomenon occurred because the co mpany’s managers who happened to be at risk due to the decreasing stock options of Nortel tried to protect their own welfare and hide the fact of failure from the shareholders. This paper is focused at the examination of the issues of Nortel from the perspective of ethics. First of all, the factors that contributed to the downfall of the company will be listed and described. Then, the paper will elaborate of what mechanisms are to be there to prevent risks of Nortel. After that, the meltdown of Nortel will be presented as the failure of people, but not of capital market processes and the repetitive nature of this big fail will be explored. Finally, a number of remedies helping to avoid Nortel’s mistakes will be prioritised. In the contemporary world there is a variety of large and rather rich corporations that widely are viewed as examples of ultimate success business strategy. Huge companies that manage to stimulate the growth of their capitals and revenue within seve ral years and expand their businesses becoming highly influential and recognised as brands are every business maker’s role models. Their tactics and paths towards success are carefully studied, followed and copied. At the same time, the majority of the large and influential brands regularly go through big downfalls and stop being as important or seize to exist whatsoever every fifteen years. Statistically, the list of most frequently used brands changes completely within a couple of decades; at least forty per cent of the companies that used to be at the Fortune 500 top in 2000s were not there anymore ten years later (SAP, 2013). This paper is focused on the case study of Nortel, the Canadian telecommunication giant of the end of 1990s and the beginning of 2000s, and its steep rise and fall. It will discuss the factors that contributed to the rise and fall of Nortel from the ethical perspective, mechanisms that align managers with the stakeholders, the nature of this failure and remedies for it.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From an ethical perspective, describe the factors that contributed to the rise and fall of Nortel Generally, there are four main factors that are viewed as the main contributing influences that may have caused the meltdown of Nortel. The first factor is the company’s board of directors and its composition and size. First of all, the number of board members in Nortel was significantly larger than recommended. The independent board elected by the stakeholders failed many of its important functions due to the complete lack of knowledge of the company’s operations and revenue acquisition. This occurred because the board of twelve directors at Nortel did not include anyone who could perform high-quality financial expertise. Besides, many board members were too busy with their executive work to properly fo cus on their duties. Ethically, the board was unsuitable for the company and elected based on the personal achievements that did not reflect the efficiency of these people as the curators of the company.  The second factor is executive compensation. The CEO of Nortel John Roth had an extremely generous compensation package, which was a lot larger than the ones of his executives. This created an unethical situation, as his leadership was perceived as authoritarian. Besides, the excessive revenues of the company owners always cause rumors about egoism, frauds, theft, or tax avoidance. Executive stock options were the factors that made the people push the company’s performance or its image to keep having stock option profit. The next factor that contributed to Nortel’s downfall was its ownership structure. The organisation’s stakeholder base included many transient investors that sought the opportunities to profit because of the stock changes. Ethically, the stak eholders were not dedicated to the company’s growth but to their own profit.  The final factor is the management of Nortel’s earnings. The company hired multiple analysts to monitor its business, analyse and explain it. Projecting and predicting of the company’s future profit caused the â€Å"benchmark beating game† where the managers were focused on exceeding the projected positive outcomes and disguise the company’s poor performance in order to preserve their own compensation, which was in direct dependence from stock options. Human factor plays key role in this situation, everyone tried to hide the negative sides so hard that it eventually led to the company’s meltdown, when all the disadvantages were revealed. What mechanisms should be put in place to better align managers with the interests of shareholders? Nortel’s managers are the subordinate group, whereas the stakeholders of the company are the representatives of the domina nt group in relation to stock options dependant revenues and compensations. Alignment of the incentives of these two parties is the key to ethical leadership and the only way to avoid complete lack of transparency of the working process and fraud.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Nortel Company’s Issues in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Managers of Nortel, as the employees whose commission directly depended on stock options were at risk of going bankrupt in case of company’s performance became poorer. Nortel’s downfall happened due to the wrong kind of employee empowerment. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs it is shown that physiological and safety needs are the two most important and basic categories of needs. In the contemporary world money and income represents the main way to address these needs. This way, the managers were tempted to manipulate the data and informat ion in order to protect their income and welfare. To secure the relationship between managers and stakeholders certain employee code or contract should have been employed. The regulations preventing managers from information manipulation would definitely align the relationship between subordinate and dominant groups and secure organisational trust (Collins, 2012). Besides, if the company preferred to be based only on dedicated investors that would remove the risk of imbalance between the managers and shareholders. Would you describe the meltdown of Nortel more as a failure of â€Å"people† or of â€Å"capital market processes†? I would describe what happened to Nortel as a failure of people. According to the definition of utilitarianism in normative ethics, it is based on the quality of action. The action, independently of its motives, is considered right in case if it results in the happiness of its agent and everyone affected by the action (West, n. d.). At the same time, if the action is done to please just the agent, it is considered selfish and unethical. From the perspective of utilitarianism, Nortel’s meltdown became the result of the selfish actions of its managers as well as its shareholders as both of these sides acted egoistically in order to preserve and secure their own profits. The inner relationships in the organisation were dry and only based on business and revenues. The company was definitely an outstanding business project, yet it did not survive for long because of the company’s little care about the people it was based on, and the people’s little care about the organisation. The clash of egoistic pursuit typical for human nature and sequence of selfish actions seem to be the main causes of the downfall of Nortel. Besides, the risky actions of the organisational leaders based on its prior success were rather emotional instead of being rational and wise. Lack of organisational trust and regulations restrict ing information manipulations among the managers along with organisational injustice in reference to John Roth’s huge compensation created the disruption of inner culture within this corporation. In my opinion, ethical leadership in Nortel was not present and this is not an issue of capital market process. I view Nortel’s case as a demonstration of what happens when marketing process is unregulated by policies and leaders, which eventually turns it into total chaos.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What happened to Nortel is similar to what happened to WorldCom and Enron in the early 2000s, and to Lehman Brothers, Citigroup, and many other banks during the 2008 financial crisis. Why do business people keep making the same mistake? There is a belief that corporations such as WorldCom, Enron and Nortel did not collapse due to a mistake in accounting, and that the actual reason for their downfall was the failure to cover up its financial weakness (Cato Handbook for Congress, 2003). Risky actions and bold steps are parts of strategic planning for the companies that profit from the stock options. This has always been this way. The loss of some major companies in the beginning of the 2000s as well as during the financial crisis of 2008 affected a variety of state economical and financial aspects in the United States of America and Canada. As a result, the leading organisations were suggested to take voluntary measures to prevent risk of undergoing the same tragic circumstances. The human factor contributing into the wrong risk assessment had to be reduced, as it was identified to be the main cause of the meltdowns of large corporations. 5. Discuss how to prioritise the following remedies to stop such recurrences: business education, regulation of accounting/financial markets, regulation of incentives, or regulation of punishment. Also, tell me your thought process about your decision about priorities. Thinking of the listed above remedies I tried to focus on the principle of virtue ethics, which requires one’s choices to be based on virtuous motives and targeted at moral outcomes (Virtue Ethics, 2013). In my opinion, proper business education is one of the main keys to securing the performance of a company. After all, the best success of Nortel occurred in the years when the corporation hired dozens of analysts to watch over its business. Besides, the lack of properly educated and experienced board members led to the board’s total unawareness of the processes happening within Nortel. The companies need to have clear mission and vision statements so that the employees and the shareholder are motivated by the same purposes. This would help to establish incentives regulation in the organisation. Regulation of punishment is also a crucial measure, but, to my mind, it has to be limiting only up to the point of excellent fulfillment of motivation for the employees and executives. For example, the regulations are to provide organisational justice and maintain its moral culture, serve as team building factors and correct work-life balance of the employees (Collins, 2012). Since it became clear that accounting errors are not the key factors that contributed to the failure of large companies such as WorldCom, Enron and Nortel, I put them last in the list of priority issues that need to be addressed to fix the performance of corporations and avoid risks of bankruptcy. In conclusion, the case of Nortel is not a rare scenario. Unfortuna tely, many companies followed the same path after taking too much risk while being financially weak. Since risk is a necessary aspect of any successful business complete avoidance of risk is not possible. As a result, some other measures need to be taken in order for the companies of the future not to follow the failed businesses of the past. Reference List CATO Handbook for Congress. (2003). Policy Recomendations for the 108th  Congress. Washington, DC: CATO Institute. Collins, D. (2012). Business Ethics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. SAP. (2013). 99 Facts on the Future of Business. Web. Virtue Ethics. (2013). EthicsMorals. Web. West, H. R. (n. d.). Utilitarianism. Web. This research paper on Nortel Company’s Issues in Canada was written and submitted by user Kason Holland to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

ESL Dialogue About Having a Hard Time Finding a Job

ESL Dialogue About Having a Hard Time Finding a Job Original Conversation Mark: Hi Peter! How are you doing these days?Peter: Oh, Hi Mark. Im not doing very well, actually. Mark: Im sorry to hear that. What seems to be the problem?Peter: ... you know Ive been looking for work. I cant seem to find a job. Mark: Thats too bad. Why did you leave your last job?Peter: Well, my boss treated me badly, and I didnt like my chances of advancing in the company. Mark: That makes sense. A job without opportunities AND a difficult boss isnt very attractive.Peter: Exactly! So, anyway, I decided to quit and find a new job. I sent out my resume to more than twenty companies. Unfortunately, Ive only had two interviews so far. Mark: Have you tried looking online for a job?Peter: Yes, but so many of the jobs require moving to another city. I dont want to do that. Mark: I can understand that. How about going to some of those networking groups?Peter: I havent tried those. What are they? Mark: Theyre groups of people who are also looking for work. They help each other discover new opportunities.Peter: That sounds great. Ill definitely try some of those. Mark: Im glad to hear that. So, what are you doing here?Peter: Oh, Im shopping for a new suit. I want to make the best impression possible at my job interviews! Mark: There you go. Thats the spirit. Im sure things will look up for you soon.Peter: Yes, youre probably right. I hope so! Reported Conversation Mark: I saw Peter today.Susan: Hows he doing? Mark: Not too well, Im afraid.Susan: Whys that? Mark: He told me had been looking for work, but hadnt found a job.Susan: That surprises me. Was he fired or did he quit his last job? Mark: He told me his boss had treated him badly. He also said he didnt like his chances of advancing in the company.Susan: Quitting doesnt sound like a very wise decision to me. Mark: Thats true. But hes been working hard at finding a new job.Susan: Whats he done? Mark: He said he had sent out his resumes to more than twenty companies. Unfortunately, he told me that only two had called him for an interview.Susan: Thats tough. Mark: Tell me about it. However, I gave him some advice and I hope it helps.Susan: What did you suggest? Mark: I suggested joining a networking group.Susan: Thats a great idea. Mark: Yes, well, he told me he would try a few groups.Susan: Where did you see him? Mark: I saw him at the mall. He told me he was shopping for a new suit.Susan: What?! Buying new clothes and no work! Mark: No, no. He said he wanted to make the best impression possible at his job interviews.Susan: Oh, that makes sense. More Dialogue Practice - Includes level and target structures/language functions for each dialogue.

Layers of the Atmosphere

Layers of the Atmosphere Earth is surrounded by its atmosphere, which is the body of air or gases that protects the planet and enables life. Most of our atmosphere is located close to Earths surface, where it is most dense. It has five distinct layers. Lets look at each, from closest to farthest from the Earth. Troposphere The layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth is the troposphere. It begins at the surface of the Earth and extends out to about 4 to 12 miles (6 to 20 km). This layer is known as the lower atmosphere. Its where weather happens and contains the air humans breathe.  The air of our planet is 79 percent nitrogen and just under 21 percent oxygen; the small amount remaining is composed of carbon dioxide and other gases. The temperature of the troposphere decreases with height. Stratosphere Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, which extends to about 31 miles (50 km) above the Earths surface. This layer is where the ozone layer exists and scientists send weather balloons. Jets fly in the lower stratosphere to avoid turbulence in the troposphere. Temperature rises within the stratosphere but still remains well below freezing. Mesosphere From about 31 to 53 miles (50 to 85 km)  above the surface of the Earth lies the mesosphere, where the air is especially thin and molecules are great distances apart. Temperatures in the mesosphere reach a low of -130 degrees Fahrenheit (-90 C). This layer is difficult to study directly; weather balloons cant reach it, and weather satellites orbit above it. The stratosphere and the mesosphere are known as the middle atmospheres. Thermosphere The thermosphere rises several hundred miles above the  Earths surface, from 56 miles (90 km) up to between 311 and 621 miles (500–1,000 km). Temperature is very much  affected by the sun here; it can be 360 degrees Fahrenheit hotter (500 C) during the day than at night. Temperature increases with height and can rise to as high as 3,600 degrees Fahrenheit (2000 C). Nonetheless, the air would feel cold because the hot molecules are so far apart. This layer is known as the upper atmosphere, and it is where the auroras occur (northern and southern lights). Exosphere Extending from the top of the thermosphere to 6,200 miles (10,000 km) above Earth is the exosphere, where weather satellites are. This layer has very few atmospheric molecules, which can escape into space. Some scientists disagree that the exosphere is a part of the atmosphere and instead classify it actually as a part of outer space. There is no clear upper boundary, as in other layers. Pauses Between each layer of the atmosphere is a boundary. Above the troposphere is the tropopause, above the stratosphere is the stratopause, above the mesosphere is the mesopause, and above the thermosphere is the thermopause. At these pauses, maximum change between the spheres occur. Ionosphere The ionosphere isnt actually a layer of the atmosphere but regions in the layers where there are ionized particles (electrically charged ions and free electrons), especially located in the mesosphere and thermosphere. The altitude of the ionospheres layers changes during the day and from one season to another.

Bacterial Meningitis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bacterial Meningitis - Research Paper Example d deep kissing, suffer from chronic ear and nose infection, and who have contracted pneumococcal pneumonia are at a higher risk of developing this disease. This ailment is characterized by high fever, headaches, increasing drowsiness, and irritability. Immediate medical attention has to be obtained, upon suspecting the presence of this disease. In general, it is advisable to undergo hospitalization. The recommended therapy is to administer antibiotics. Despite the reported 10% fatality rate of this disease, early diagnosis and treatment have ensured recovery in the majority of the patients. The most common cause of meningitis is bacterial or viral infection that has commenced in some other region of the body. Some examples are, the ears, sinuses, or upper respiratory tract. On occasion, meningitis results from autoimmune disorders, fungal infections, and medications. Bacterial meningitis proves to be contagious with regard to people who are in close physical contact (Johnson, 2013). The inflammation of the meninges or the membranes that enclose the spinal cord and the brain, constitutes bacterial meningitis. The cause of the inflammation is bacterial infection that can prove to be fatal. These bacteria are present in the mouth, nose, throat, and spread from an infected individual to another via coughing, osculation, or the sharing of food or beverages. This infection can also spread from an infection of the brain, ear, nose, sinus, or throat. Such infection can also be spread by a head injury or head surgery (Drugs.com, 2013). Among children and young adults, meningococcus or Neisseria meningitides, and Streptococcus pneumonia occur frequently. These are the principal causes of meningitis in the US, and there are vaccines available for Neisseria meningitides, and Streptococcus pneumonia. These vaccines have been recommended for all the people who are special risk. The bacteria tend to spread from individual to individual via coughing and sneezing (Johnson,

Saudi Arabia & Bahrain Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Saudi Arabia & Bahrain Economy - Essay Example Approximately 40% of the GDP originates from the private sector. On average, the basket oil price for OPEC was about $77.20 for every barrel during the first quarter of 2010 and $44.79 in 2009 in the same period. It recorded about 77.4 percent in global recovery based on revived demand for energy in the world and increased confidence in business (GulfBaseb, 2015). In April 2010, the basket oil price for OPEC was $82.33 for every barrel compared to $50.20 per barrel in 2009 and $105.16 in 2008. During the peak levels, the prices of oil were at $147.27 per barrel in the international market in 2008 because of a rise in energy demand and geo-political risks witnessed in the Middle East. The prices of oil plunged more due to the economic and financial crisis witnessed during the same period (Heritage, 2015). In an aim to diversify its economy and attract foreign investment, Saudi Arabia has started off with huge projects, such as establishing six economic cities in various parts around the Kingdom to facilitate balanced growth. From 2003 to 2008, Saudi Arabia has witnessed considerable growth in its economy regardless of the high production and oil prices. The other sectors, particularly real-estate and construction industries have contributed significantly to the economy. Both the public and private sectors have played a major role, since increased spending by the government and foreign direct investment (FDI) have supported a sustainable and effective non-oil economy. After realizing exceptional growth due to oil revenues fostered by external forces for six years, the demand for world energy declined considerably because of the economic and financial crisis, leading to a tremendous decline in prices of oil. All countries globally felt the influence including the Kingdom of Saudi Arabi a in 2009. Nonetheless, Saudi Arabia was slightly affected among GCC countries as a result of

History and Methods of Chemical Warfare

History and Methods of Chemical Warfare Cori Haws In this report I intend to investigate from the perspective of a chemist the history and development of chemical weapons systems focusing primarily on their development, and the usage throughout the 20th century to present day and the means to which they act. As a starting point it is important to clarify what is meant by a chemical weapon or CW. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons defines a chemical weapon as a toxic chemical compound or its precursor which can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical reaction. Delivery devices designed for the delivery of chemical agents, filled or unfilled, are also considered as such. For the purpose of this report I will be focusing on the chemical agents themselves opposed to the systems used to deliver such agents. Chemical warfare generally involves the use of the known toxic properties of chemical substances in the intent cause damage to life. This is distinct from conventional warfare, most of which requires the ‘self-destructive’ properties of particular chemical reactions (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene with Oxygen), and different from Nuclear, Radiological and Biological weapons such as Hydrogen bombs, Atom bombs and weaponised Anthrax in the method of action. There are many classifications for Chemical Weapons and are defined by the way of which they in fact act on an organism. These sub-categories include; choking agents, impede a victims breathing; blister agents, irritate and poison tissue; blood agents, inhibit the ability to transfer and utilise oxygen; nerve agents, inhibits nervous system operation, and riot control agents, short term lasting low risk to life agents. It is important to mention that while some substances are inherently toxic not all are considered chemical weapons. For example raw materials, substances for medicine, herbicides and insecticides all are able to cause significant harm to life but under controlled and regulated conditions are not significantly dangerous to be classified as chemical weapons. Brief History of Chemical Weapons While chemicals have been used for warfare for a considerable amount of time, albeit in highly primitive and at the time for yet unexplained reasons. (I.e Poison arrows, molten tar and arsenic smoke), most of the use of chemical weapons in modern history is limited to World War I where Chlorine and phosgene gasses were released in large qualities during trench warfare. Notably the first use was 22nd April 1915 on the town of Ypres in Belgium, overseen by Fritz Haber, the chemist who developed the process for production of ammonia. This attack resulted in the death of 5,000. During the war several different types of chemical weapons were developed primarily by German scientists, probably the most well-known being mustard gas and derivatives. Throughout the course of the First World War it is estimated that over 90,000 were fatally wounded by chemical weapons for a total of over a million injuries by use of approximately 124,000 tons of chemical agent. The idea of the danger posed by c hemical weapons as demonstrated by the Great War was influential in the coming years as although most countries felt reluctant in developing them the fear of even deadlier weapons being used in future conflicts. Although Chemical weapons were not used during World War II, it is know that both axis and allied powers possessed chemical weapons for use in retaliation. During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union developed and maintained large stockpiles of chemical weapons in fear of use. Statistics show that at the time both superpowers possessed enough chemical agents to destroy most organic life on the planet. It is noted that during the Iraq conflicts that Saddam Hussein used a variety of agents namely Mustard Gas and nerve agents possibly including what is considered the most potent nerve agents ‘VX’, against the Kurds in 1988. This prompted the Geneva Convention to prohibit the production and prompt the destruction of Chemical Weapons Stockpiles. The most recent examples of Chemical Weapons use were the terrorist attacks in Matsumoto, Japan and in Tokyo involving the nerve agent known by its name of Sarin (GB). Sarin was also reportedly used in Syria on the residents of the Ghouta agricultural belt around Damascus on the 21st August 2013 resulting in an estimated 350-1500 deaths. Choking Agents As stated previously the most notable Choking agents which have been used in warfare originate from WWI. Chlorine as we know is a strong oxidant agent due to its high electronegativity. This fundamentally is the reason to which it is dangerous. Being highly reactive means it is likely to react with most other elements to form chloride compounds. The second reason being that in standard conditions it is a gas meaning that containing it is difficult. The preface of which Chlorine gas works as a chemical weapon is by the means of inhalation. The respiratory system itself is highly sensitive tissue surrounded by a mucus membrane. The mucus membrane is a high percentage water. When Chlorine has been inhaled especially in high concentrations it will react with the water of the mucus membrane to form Hydrochloric Acid, which causes serve irritations within the lungs, generally causing secretion of fluid into the lungs eventually resulting in what is called secondary drowning as a result of Pulmonary Edema. In extremely high concentrations even two or three breathes of chlorine gas can be fatal due to serve tissue damage. Though due to Chlorine gases reactivity it can easily be filtered from air using activated carbon which is a form of processed carbon which has pores to increase surface area to around 500m2 per gram. The chlorine will simply react with the carbon before doing any damage to human respiratory tissue. Phosgene, the second Choking agent developed also works by means of reacting with water to form Hydrochloric acid. The reaction was generally slower but unlike Chlorine gas, did not have a distinguishable odour and usually killed it’s victims within 24 hours of inhalation. Mustard/Blistering Agents Blistering agents were developed at around the same time as the previously stated choking agents. Mustard Gas was developed in 1916 for the Imperial German Army and could be synthesised in a variety of ways including reacting Sulphur Dichloride with Ethene (1), reacting Sulphur Monochloride with Ethene (2) or using Thiodiglycol and Chlorinating with Phosphorus Trichloride (3). The third reaction was generally used by the British when creating mustard. It was a cleaner way to produce it as the purity was approximately 96% whereas the second method was fast but was only 70-80% pure and as a result did not keep for long periods as it decomposed, increasing the pressure of the containers it was in meaning it generally leaked. SCl2+ 2 C2H4→ (Cl-CH2CH2)2S 8 S2Cl2+ 16 C2H4→ 8 (Cl-CH2CH2)2S + S8 3 (HO-CH2CH2)2S + 2 PCl3→ 3 (Cl-CH2CH2)2S + 2 P(OH)3 Mustard gas is a blistering agent as it bonds an Alkl group to guanine in DNA, damaging the DNA and preventing cellular division and results in cell death or development of cancer. Due to this method of acting upon a subject it was rare for a victim to suffer immediate symptoms as the damage would not be evident until the effected cells die and fail to regenerate. As Mustard gas is not very soluble in water but is highly soluble in fats resulting in rapid absorption through skin tissue. After 24 hours skin irritation would occur then large blisters would form anywhere the mustard agent came into contact with the skin resulting in chemical burns. At the time of WWI serve mustard burns where 50% of the body was burned were often fatal. A victims eyes would also become greatly effected becoming sore and swelling causing blindness. At high concentrations blistering of the respiratory system would result in internal bleeding leading to pulmonary edema much like choking agents. While many people during have been killed by the use of Mustard gas and its derivatives, it also had done the world a large amount of good as it was discovered from autopsies of mustard gas victims that there was reduced white blood cell count and after further research Nitrogen Mustard was eventually used as the first chemotherapy drug to treat diseases related to the white blood cells such as lymphoma and leukaemia. Cyanide and Blood Agents The most well-known blood agent is Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN). HCN is produced on an industrial scale as it is a vital precursor to many useful chemicals in pharmaceuticals as well as in polymers. Cyanide ions are responsible for the effects of poisoning due to the fact cyanide ions interact with the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome c oxidase by binding to it and reducing its effectiveness effectively halting cellular respiration. As a result the cells of an organism become unable to use the oxygen in the blood generally leading to hypoxia.

Adaptation Evaluation Essay

Tom Bombadil: Add sense of mysteriousness. Boromir’s confession: Proud, arrogant warrior The â€Å"Spirit† of LOTR: Was it kept? Improvements. A new power has arisen. All must unite or fall divided. This is the story of the Lord of the Rings. The ring of power, forged in secret by the dark Lord Sauron contained all of the might, malice and power of the Dark Lord. Its wearer would be invisible and almost invincible, but it would corrupt the heart of anyone who wore it. Lord of the Rings is a typical good vs. evil story. This time, however, good is losing badly. The Dark Lord’s forces will soon overcome all of Middle Earth, but there is one glint of hope for the forces of Good. Because the Dark Lord Sauron made the ring of power, his life is bound to it. If Good can prevent defeat for long enough so that the ring can be destroyed, Sauron shall be overcome. However, the ring of power can only be destroyed where it was made – deep in Sauron’s realm. This means that hope is in speed and secrecy, not force. A fellowship of the ring is formed and the quest is begun. The Lord of The Rings: The Fellowship of the ring is the first part of the trilogy, which shows how the fellowship evades the servants of the Dark Lord and how the fellowship eventually breaks. A mighty warrior, Boromir is a member of the fellowship. He is lured by the temptation of power and tries to steal the ring. He does not fully understand that the ring corrupts any wearer. He is then asked by other members of the fellowship as to whether he has done anything, but he refuses doing anything wrong due to his arrogance. In the film, the plot is changed so that Boromir does try to take the ring, but he confesses everything. This was a major change as Boromir is meant to be a proud and arrogant human – the author J. R. R. Tolkien always shows most humans as easily corrupted. A large omission was Tom Bombadil. He was a â€Å"father of the forest† type man who has powers of song and looks after the ring bearer. Tolkien added him to add a sense of mysteriousness to Lord of the Rings – nobody knew who he was or where he came from. This was missed out in the film. Characters like him really did help the spirit of Lord of the Rings. Form one point of view; the film did not keep the spirit of Lord of the Rings at all. Parts were missed out and some of the film seemed like a traditional Good vs. Bad film – the beauty of Tolkien was that he took well known types of book and added a slight change, but meant that the whole plot would be different. For example, in the Hobbit, Bilbo Baggins goes on a quest to retrieve dwarven treasure. However, he does not want to go and as a result ends up doing a better job of getting the treasure than if he had wanted the treasure. This is the reason why keeping the spirit of Lord of the Rings is so important, Lord of the Rings is unique. However, the film of Lord of the Rings has kept a large part of the spirit. It swings my emotions better than the book did and each character looked almost exactly as I imagined them to be. Because films need a great plot to be good, the director (Peter Jackson) has taken the good parts and made them great – he has really concentrated on the right parts. The film however was a bit too different from the book at times and too close at others. For example, there is an â€Å"I’m dead, oh no I’m not† scene part which was fine in the book, but should have been changed in the film. Another change that should have taken place was the fact that elves are shown as a dying any fading race in the Lord of the Rings film. In the book, elves couldn’t die and the elves simply were leaving the land, not dying out. This was probably shown to make humans seem better. In conclusion, the Lord of the Rings film made great use of an excellent plot and unusual story. I think that the film was very good, but there was a small amount of room for improvement.